The English Man In Madrid

Accents

2011-09-11T04:09:00.001-07:00

Realise The True Environment And Accept The Truth

Did you ever go abroad to an English-speaking country and find that you understood nothing? Did you understand your teacher perfectly before in Madrid? Here lies the problem. Most teachers in Madrid spoon-feed their clients and lull them into a false sense of security by diluting English and over-pronouncing to such an extent that it becomes a parody of itself.

I don’t spoon-feed, I try to give a real life accent so that my clients are equipped to understand “real” English.

RP, for example, is known as Received Pronunciation. This accent does not exist. This is an accent taken from a forgotten yesteryear of 1930s English spoken on the BBC. These presenters were trained to over- pronounce in order for the listeners to completely understand them over the crackle or interference of the rudimentary or poor quality radio or television broadcasts. Now, ironically, the BBC employs people with regional accents because it adds variety to what would be a very staid and crusty institution should they not decide to do that. The main presenter of the Six O’ clock news has a Welsh accent! Liverpudlian and Irish accents are in vogue at present.

I am raising these problems because most students in Madrid always use the “accent card” to their own advantage – they focus in on only one accent that they understand (usually the one spoon-fed to them as younger students by an “over-caring” and “problem-avoiding” teacher) and disregard the other accents as rubbish or lesser. The accent problem is a convenient excuse to justify sloth, lack of dedication or linguistic shortcomings. The first thing one must do is to understand any English speaker – if one is unable to do this, the fault lies with the listener, not the speaker.

If I am listening to an Ecuadorian and don’t understand him, it is my fault – he is, in fact, speaking Spanish. If I am listening to a Sevillian and don’t understand him, it is my fault – he is, in fact, speaking Spanish.

There seems to be a very unfounded classicist attitude towards learning English in Madrid – but if the majority of these people watched normal television they wouldn’t understand anything unless it was slowed down to 75% speed. We don’t speak like that in England. This speed is an invention by lazy teachers who want to spoil their students. In the end, however, this only serves to make matters worse for the student.

There are hundreds of different accents in the English-speaking world in the same way that there are in the Spanish-speaking world – they are all worth learning and must all be understood in order for the student to be a fully-rounded English speaker. Running away from somebody because you don’t understand their accent is very cowardly and childish.

What Can You Do As A Student To Learn More?

First of all, listen to the regional radio where your particular teacher comes from. Second, listen to the BBC news. Thirdly, listen to CNN news. From that point you can start to experiment with news programmes in Australia, India, South Africa, Canada, etc. etc. Also look at the spelling differences between British English and American English.

Look At This

Glasgow – Robert Louis Stevenson – inventor on the “Rocket” – steam powered locomotion. How did people understand him? He had a Glaswegian accent!

America – The first people to put a man on the moon.

How could they understand each other? They had American accents!

Stoke-On-Trent (near Birmingham) – Shakespeare was born there.

How did anyone understand him, he had a Brummie accent!

Extremadura – Henrán Cortés – discovered the New World Tierra Firma.

How did he do that? He didn’t pronounce his S’s at the end of his words!

Murcia – Isaac Peral – invented the submarine.

How did anyone understand him? He said, “Vamos a la ‘Cierra’”, instead of “Vamos a la sierra”.

Madrid – Some Madrilenian Classicist Students – only understand a spoon-fed accent at slow speed. If they don’t understand a person with a different accent then that person is stupid or without education – perhaps they will be from Glasgow or America J.http://web.ku.edu/~idea/

BIENVENIDOS

2010-09-02T11:53:00.001-07:00

¡Una Cuarta Parte del Planeta Habla Inglés!

¡Primer Idioma de Negocios Internacionales!

Ofrezco para todos los Niveles y Objetivos:

CLASES de Inglés PRESENCIALES: one·2 one /grupos
CLASES de Inglés TELEFÓNICAS: teléfono/ skype
TRADUCCIONES Esp-Ing: tarifas competitivas

If you download the "Barra Google" you can use the "traducir" option so when you put the arrow over the word it appears in Spanish.

http://toolbar.google.com/T4/intl/es/

Dictionary: http://www.wordreference.com/es/

English monolingual: http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/

Debates: http://www.idebate.org/debatabase/theme.php?dbTheme=11

BBC radio: http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/local_radio/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/york/hi/tv_and_radio/

Cambridge exams: http://www.cambridgeesol.org/exams/index.html

TED (Talks and seminars): http://www.ted.com/

Economist: http://www.economist.com/printedition/

British history: http://www.britannia.com/

Documentaries: http://www.onlinedocumentaries4u.com/

British accents: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kn3_bYcAnWI

Clases de Inglés Presenciales

En cuanto a la enseñanza del Idioma Inglés, imprimo a la clase un tono distendido, ameno y personalizado. Todo eso permite a mis Alumnos estar a gusto en las clases, ya que, como mi experiencia me sugiere, un buen estado anímico es primordial para aprender el Idioma de modo más eficaz y agradable. En la mayoría de los casos la clase se basa en la conversación, desarrollando las habilidades comunicativas del os Alumnos. Al mismo tiempo uso los materiales actualizados y publicaciones recientes (e.g. últimas ediciones de Headway de Oxford publications, Cambridge University Press, Macmillan, Longman course books, etc.), recortes de prensa inglesa / artículos de Internet sobre la actualidad y otros numerosos recursos. Acorde a los objetivos de cada Alumno en particular se selecciona el material según Su nivel y preferencias.

Clases Telefónicas - Telephone Classes.

Hoy en día un gran número de los negocios se realizan por teléfono. Ofrezco clases telefónicas de Inglés para que el Cliente se oriente al acento británico y se siente seguro comunicándose con las personas de habla Inglesa. El no ver a su interlocutor afecta la comprensión del idioma, siendo uno de los momentos clave a la hora de llevar conversaciones con fluidez. Seguiremos un libro de texto especializado en las conversaciones telefónicas. Además, es uno de los mejores "one-on-one" ejercicios de comprensión y expresión a la vez – un Alumno hablando por teléfono con su Profesor.

Recuperando Clases

Sucede que excepcionalmente el Alumno no puede asistir a una clase por motivos ajenos a su voluntad. Para esas ocasiones ofrezco la posibilidad de recuperar la clase en otro horario conveniente al Alumno y Profesor. En caso de que no resulte posible recuperarla un día de la misma semana, se encuentra el horario disponible de la semana siguiente. Propongo los “huecos” por adelantado y cuento con la palabra de mis Clientes. Si, por ejemplo, un Alumn0 tiene que estar un tiempo considerable fuera de Madrid y una clase se cancela, precisa un aviso previo con mínimo de una semana de antelación. De otra manera, la clase viene pagada. Espero que la flexibilidad y comprensión mutuas aporten al proceso fluido de enseñanza/aprendizaje.

Espero que el Inglés, siendo el Idioma hablado por una cuarta parte del mundo, despierte Su interés, y nos podamos beneficiar mutuamente de una colaboración fructífera, práctica y eficaz!

Saludos

Nigel Matthew Boothroyd

English Consultant

Profesor de Inglés

mboothroyd@orange.es

108. FCE/CAE/PROF Picture Description

2009-10-22T12:21:00.000-07:00

It's very common in the FCE, CAE, and Proficiency oral exam to be shown a picture/photo which you then have to describe. What emotions does it stir within you? Who are the main protagonists in the picture? What was the artist/photographer trying to convey or portray? Was he/she depressed, happy or indifferent? Each character in the image may have a story behind him/her/it. You have to create a story around the picture and avoid silences in the oral exam, never say "I don't know what else to say".

in the middle/centre/foreground/background,
on the left/right (hand side),
to the left/right of ... ,
at the top/bottom,
in the top/bottom left/right hand side corner,
in front of,
behind,
beside,
between.

106. Vocabulary (use the google translate toolbar!)

2009-10-17T02:00:00.000-07:00

Snap
stretch
shrink
Strangers
Sorrow
Foulness
Cockerel
Spurt
Behead
Loathe
Spatter
Garment
Roughly
Gaze
Bluish
Corpse
Cock
Headless
Bloodstained

105. Vocabulary (use the google translate toolbar!)

2009-10-17T01:47:00.000-07:00

wearisome
burden
striking
lank
chesnut
snarl
curse
lunge
struggle
jerk
noose
winded
slip
knot
hook
bound
hush
station
plaintive
gradually
peak
unborn
avert
rags
streamed
dreadful
lash
nudge
flank
stagger
dusk
prey
lark

104. Vocabulary (use the google translate toolbar!)

2009-10-15T12:39:00.000-07:00

Swagger
Lean
Cuff
Carved
Scratch
Spit
Painless
Choke
Liable
Lid
Bailiff
Peasant
Wary
Sparrow
Glance
Hilltop
Flare
Keep (n)
Mighty
Courser
Bound
Knight
Priest
Monk
Nave
Thief
Tanner
Smith
Cutler
Fletcher
Mood
Odd
Chalice
Belt
Pointless
Jeers
Protuberant
Startling
Peeled
Doom
Fleshy

103. Vocabulary (use the google translate toolbar!)

2009-10-14T07:12:00.000-07:00

Hanging
sidle
Hovel
Felt
Layer
Footprint
blemish
huddle
Gallows
despise
scorn
mock
hoot
Cripple
Wounded
stone
boast
Scar
Bloodshed
piddle
Scaffold
slump
Grisly
whoop
Recklessly
howl
squat
Shutter
Scullery
duck
Swathe
Coarse
Shiver
Fetch
Groom

102. Reporting Verbs

2009-10-14T07:02:00.000-07:00

Reporting verbs always come after dialogue and are usually always in the past simple tense. >> “Are you going to the disco?” he asked. If you see anymore as you are reading novels, please let me know.

Ask
Admonish
Abbreviate
Abjure
Add
Amend
Affirm
Authenticate
Advise

Beg
Boast
Blurt
Bark
Boom
Bicker
bay

Cry
Criticize
Clarify
Conjecture
Congratulate
Confer
Challenge
Chatter
Complain
Croak

Demand
Drool
Delegate
Digress

Express
Entreat
Ejaculate (archaic)

Fathom
Figure

Growl
Grin

Howl
Holler

Interrupt
Inquire
Investigate
Implore

Jibe
Joke
Jibber
Jabber
Jest
justify

Lisp
Lecture

Mutter
Muse
Mumble

Name
Natter
Nit-pick

Outrage
Open

Predict
Predicate
Preach
Pontificate

Question
Quoff
Quip
Quibble

Remember
Roar
Remind
Rectify
Row
Rant
Shout
Scorn
Say
Sob

Thunder
Theorize

Ululate

Wail
Whimper
Whine

Yell

100. Translate These Sentences

2009-10-10T00:54:00.001-07:00

Translate these sentences for the next class Week 42

1. he would have known that trouble was brewing

2. thousands of men were rushing into the Northland

3. the dogs they wanted were heavy dogs

4. half hidden among the trees, through which glimpses could be caught of the wide cool veranda that ran around its four sides

5. he was such a tall man

6. he was so tall

7. What a surprise

8. How sad to hear that news

9. El aprendiz ante el official

10. Y los rumore se aglomeraban

11. Aquél no había vuelto a casa

12. Que sólo la mitad de lo que se decía

13. Nadie dejaba de haber visto

14. Desde que el papa Urban VI había aprobado

15. Nada sabía exactamente lo que se hacía en…

16. Parecía estar formada por…

17. Podían caber acurrucados

18. Él estaba de pie

19. Estaban sentados en unos pequeños taburetes, menos cuando les tocaba leer

20. Ella empezó a leer

21. Para que todos los persona pudieran anotarlo

22. Como si el propio Dios observara…

23. La existencia de Dios puede demostrarse

24. La vía clara es la que se deriva…

25. Ésta es la mesa de la que te hablaba

26. Although it’s raining, we are going out

27. Even if it’s raining, I’m going out

28. What are you going to do though?

29. Yet he doesn’t know what to do about it

30. I haven’t gone yet

31. Even though, I would prefer to travel by train

32. I’d rather see him first

33. You had better go to the hospital

34. Batter/better/butter/bitter

97. Pronunciation Guide of 421 words

2009-09-23T12:39:00.001-07:00

written / pronounced / example

“able” əbl comfortable
“ate” ət (n. & adj.) candidate
“ate” eɪt (verbs) translate
“ture” ʧə literature
“age” ɪʤ carriage
“tory” tri observatory
“tary” tri secretary
“ore” Ɔ: restore
“ow” əʊ borrow
“ey” eɪ obey
“y” i happy
“ious” ɪəs serious
“ous” əs monstrous
“or” ə conductor
“er” ə writer
“le” əl settle
“b” silent before debt
“t” & after “m” lamb
“ant” ənt relevant
“gh” f laugh
“gh” g ghastly
“igh” aɪ sigh
“ign” aɪn resign
“ment” mənt basement
“tion” ʃən translation
“a” æ cat
“a” eɪ face
“ar” a: start
“are” eə square
“a” a: father
“a” ɒ watch
“al” Ɔ: talk
“ar” Ɔ: warm
“a” ə about
“a” ɪ village
“ai” eɪ rain
“ai” eə fair
“ain” ən curtain
“au” Ɔ: author
“aw” Ɔ: law
“au” ɒ sausage
“c” k cat
“c” s nice
“c” ʃ ocean
“c” s central
“c” s cycle
“c” s city
“cae” si: Caesar
“c” ʃ special
“cc” k account
“cc” ks accept
“sc” s scent
“sc” s disciple
“sci” ʃ luscious
“sch” sk scheme
“sch” sk schism
“ch” ʧ chip
“ch” ʃ machine
“ch” k chemistry
“tch” ʧ fetch
“ch” ʃ champagne
“ch” ʃ parachute
“nch” ʃ lunch
“ch” k chaos
“ch” k monarch
“chr” kr Christ
“chn” kn technical
“ch” ʤ sandwich
“ch” x loch
“ch” silent in yacht
“c” ʧ cello
“ck” k back
“d” d dog
“dd” d middle
“d” ʤ procedure
“d” silent in Wednesday
“e” e dress
“e” i: cathedral
“er” ɜ: serve
“ere” ɪə severe
“er” e very
“e” ɪ review
“ent” ə agent
“el” əl satchel
“ence” əns absence
“er” ə writer
“e” ɪ pretty
“ere” eə there
“e” a: Derby
“ea” i: tea
“ea” e bread
“ea” eɪ great
“ea” ɪə idea
“ear” ɪə near
“ea” i: eɪ creation
“ee” i: tree
“ee” iə beer
“ee” e Greenwich
“ei” eɪ veil
“ey” eɪ convey
“ei” i: receive
“ei” aɪ height
“ei” e heifer
“ey” e Reynolds
“eir” eə their
“eir” ɪə weird
“ei” i: ɪ atheism
“eu” ju: feudal
“ew” ju: few
“eu” u: rheumatism
“ew” əʊ sew
“eu” u: masseuse
“ieu” lef lieutenant
“eur” jʊə Europe
“eur” ɜ: masseur
“of” əv of
“ph” f photograph
“g” g give
“g” ʤ gene
“g” ʤ gin
“dge” ʤ edge
“dge” ʤ bridge
“gg” g egg
“gg” ʤ suggest
“gg” ʤ exaggerate
“g” silent before phlegm “m” & “n” sign
“gn” silent b4 “n” gnat
“gh” g ghost
“gu” g guess
“gu” g gun
“gul” gjəl regular
“gue” gju: argue
“gue” g vague
“gua” gwi language
“gua” geɪ gauge
“gh” f rough
“igh” aɪ high
“igh” eɪ eight
“augh” Ɔ: daughter
“gy” ʤ gyrate
“gy” g gynaecologist
“h” h house
“h” silent in heir,honest
“h” silent in hour,honour
“h” silent in annihilate
“h” silent in vehicle
“wh” h who
“i” ɪ bit
“i” aɪ time
“ir” ɜ: firm
“ir” aɪ virus
“ir” aɪ ə fire
“i” ɪ miracle
“i” i: machine
“i” ɪ admiral
“i” i medium
“ia” ə special
“hi” aɪ Hi!
“ie” i: piece
“ie” aɪ tie
“ie” ɪə fierce
“ie” e friend
“ie” ɪ sieve
“ie” i: chief
“ie” aɪ ə science
“ie” i: ə acquiesce
“j” ʤ jump
“j” ʒ jabot
“j” j hallelujah
“kn” n knee
“l” l little
“l” silent in half
“l” silent in talk
“l” silent in salmon
“l” silent in would
“l” silent in could
“l” silent in should
“n” n net
“nc” ŋk uncle
“ng” ŋg anger
“nk” ŋk thanks
“nk” ŋk conquer
“nk” ŋks anxious
“ng” ŋ wing
“ng” ŋ singer
“ng” ŋg finger
“ng” nʤ danger
“ng” ŋ hanger
“ng” nʤ ginger
“ng” ɪn ʤ ingenious
“ng” n g congress
“o” ɒ lot
“o” əʊ nose
“o” ʌ come
“o” u: move
“o” ʊ woman
“o” ɪ women
“o” Ɔ: north
“o” ɒ moral
“o” ɜ: work
“o” ʌ worry
“o” ə method
“o” ə phonetics
“oa” əʊ road
“oa” Ɔ: board
“oa” əʊ eɪ oasis
“oa” əʊ ə Noah
“oe” əʊ toe
“oe” u: shoe
“oe” u: canoe
“oe” ʌ does
“oe” i: Phoenix
“oe” əʊ ɪ poem
“oe” əʊ e poetic
“oe” əʊ ɜ: coerce
“oe” əʊ e Noel
“oi” Ɔɪ noise
“oi” Ɔɪ boy
“ois” wa: patois
“oise” əs tortoise
“oir” aɪ ə choir
“oi” əʊ ɪ coincidence
“oi” əʊ ɪ soloist
“oo” u: food
“oo” u: room
“oo” ʊ good
“oo” ʊ book
“oo” ʌ blood
“oo” ʌ flood
“oo” Ɔ: door
“oo” Ɔ: floor
“oo” ʊə moor
“oo” əʊ brooch
“oo” əʊ ɒ cooperate
“ou” aʊ round
“ow” aʊ cow
“ou” əʊ soul
“ou” ʌ touch
“ou” u: group
“ou” ʊ could
“ou” ʊ would
“ou” ʊ should
“ough” Ɔ: thought
“ough” u: through
“ough” aʊ bough
“ough” əʊ though
“ough” ʌf rough
“ough” ɒ cough
“ough” ə thorough
“ou” aʊ ə flour
“ou” ɜ: journey
“our” ʌr courage
“ou” ʊə tourist
“our” ʊr courier
“p” p pipe
“ph” f photograph
“p” silent in pneumonia
“p” silent in psychiatrist
“p” silent In ptomaine
“ph” p shepherd
“ph” p Clapham
“ph” v Stephen
“ph” f nephew
“qui” kw quite
“que” k picturesque
“qu” kw queen
“qu” kw square
“qu” kw equal
“qu” kj queue
“cque” k lacquer
“cque” kw acquaintance
“r” r run
“ar” a: farm
“or” Ɔ: more
“ir” ɜ: stir
“ur” ɜ: murder
“rh” r rhythm
“rrh” r catarrh
“air” eə fair
“ar” a: radar
“er” ə writer
“or” ə conductor
“ur” ɜ: fur
“are” eə fare
“ear” ɪə hear
“eer” ɪə peer
“eir” eə heir
“ere” ɪə severe
“eur” ɜ: masseur
“ier” ɪə courier
“ire” aɪ ə mire
“oar” Ɔ: roar
“ore” Ɔ: gore
“our” ə glamour
“ure” ə rupture
“ure” ʊə tenure
“s” s sense
“s” z rise
“s” ʒ pleasure
“sh” ʃ ship
“sh” s h mishap
“sh” ʃ Lewisham
“s” ʃ sure
“s” ʃ sugar
“s” ʃ controversial
“s” s taste
“s” z husband
“s” s basin
“s” z poison
“s” ʒ explosion
“s” ʒ usual
“s” ʒ leisure
“s” ʒ Asia
“s” ʒ Persian
“s” s consider
“s” s cursor
“s” s gipsy
“s” z clumsy
“s” z observe
“ss” z , ʃ possession
“sc,ss” s , z scissors
“ss” ʃ mission
“ss” ʃ pressure
“t” t tent
“t” ʧ nature
“t” ʧ picture
“t” ʧ departure
“t” ʃ nation
“t” ʃ superstitious
“t” ʃ initiate
“t” ʃ,ʃ negotiation
“t” silent in listen
“t” silent in thistle
“t” silent in whistle
“t” silent in castle
“t” silent in Christmas
“t” silent in soften
“t” silent in often (optional)
“tu” tj actual
“tu” tj situated
“tu” tj attitude
“tu” tj Tuesday
“tu” tj tune
“th” θ thick
“th” ð mother
“th” t Thomas
“th” ð this,they
“th” ð though,thus
“th” θ three,thing
“th” θ method
“th” θ author,ether
“th” ð father
“th” ð together
“th” θ north
“th” ð northern
“th” t h Chatham
“th” t h Streatham
“th” t Thames
“th” silent in asthma
“th” silent in clothes
“th” silent in isthmus
“u” ʌ cup
“u” u: music
“u” ʊ push
“ur” ɜ: turn
“ur” ʊə pure
“ur” ʊ hurry
“u” u: rude
“u” ʊə jury
“u” ju: assume
“u” ju: union
“u” ʧju: tune
“u” ɪ busy
“u” jə stimulate
“u” jə failure
“u” ə album
“ur” ə Arthur
“u” ɪ lettuce
“ute” ɪ minute (n)
“ute” ju:t minute (adj)
“ue” ju: cue
“ue” u: blue
“ue” u: e duet
“ue” u: ə cruel
“ue” ju: ə pursuer
“ui” ju: nuisance
“ui” u: fruit
“ui” ɪ build
“ui” aɪ guide
“ui” ɪ biscuit
“ui” u: ɪ fluid
“ui” u: ɪ tuition
“ui” ɪ quick
“ui” aɪ quite
“uy” aɪ buy
“u” w persuade
“u” w quite
“w” w water
“w” silent in wreck
“w” silent in writer
“w” silent in two
“w” silent in answer
“w” silent in who
“wh” w white
“wh” w whole
“wh” w whisper
“wh” w whine
“x” ks six
“x” z xylophone
“x” gz exaggerate
“xc” ks exceed
“x” z anxiety
“x” kʃ anxious
“x” kʃ crucifixion
“x” silent in Gran Prix
“y” j yet
“y” ɪ crystal
“y” aɪ type
“y” I happy
“z” z lazy
“z” ʒ seizure
“z” ts Nazi,pizza,quartz

96. Pronunciation of suffixes

2009-09-23T12:32:00.000-07:00

acceptable, noticeable, convertible, divisible, irresistible
shortage, storage
experimental, accidental, environmental
appearance, performance, pregnancy, constancy
assistant, immigrant, student
examination, imagination, organization
employee, trainee
to strengthen
coincidence, patience, potency, presidency
rider, painter, baker, builder, teacher
Japanese, Chinese, Viennese
waitress, actress
beautiful, helpful, useful, thankful
childhood, motherhood
historian, comedian, politician
economical, mathematical, physical
beautify, simplify, purify
English, Swedish, Polish
babyish, foolish, longish, youngish, brownish, two'ish
scientist, typistcapitalist, pacifist, feminist
action, connection, exhibition
active, effective
to magnetize, to generalize, to modernise, to standardise
hopeless, friendless
childlike
badly, beautifully, completely
development, arrangement, excitement, achievement
kindness, sadness, happiness, weakness
biology, psychology, zoology
actor, conductor, sailor
dangerous, generous, religious
membership, citizenship, friendship
backwards, upwards
anticlockwise
cloudy, rainy, fatty, thirsty, greeny

89. Translate the use of "se" into English

2009-07-31T03:42:00.001-07:00

En los escaparates de los comercios vacíos donde los tipos, que tienen las manos tan blancas y suaves como los curas y se las frotan igual, recogen las telas sobre los mostradores de madera bruñida…

Sin taparse la boca con el embozo de la capa y respirando a conciencia el aire helado para que se le ventilaran los pulmones y se le oxigenara la sangre…

No quería escuchar y escondía la cabeza debajo de la almohada, y no se lo contaba a nadie…

Era Julián quien sostenía ahora la linterna, pues el inspector Florencio Pérez se la había entregado con una docilidad que él mismo consideró íntimamente imperdonable…

No la voz de alguien cuya existencia se resume en el hecho de que es mi madre sino la de esa muchacha que tiene un lazo en el pelo y sonríe a la cámara con los labios apretados para que no se le vean los dientes…

88. Translate this into English

2009-07-25T09:08:00.000-07:00

Si escuchamos mencionar a Mrs. Robinson, probablemente todo el mundo lo asocie con la mítica canción de Simon&Garfunkel. Todo un clásico que, entre otras cosas, se encargó de encumbrar la no menos clásica película "El Gradudado", protagonizada por un jovencísimo Dustin Hoffman que, durante tantos años ha permanecido como personaje de culto y anclado en la retina por esa fuga imaginaria ansiada por tantos.
Eran otros tiempos y yo, que al estrenarse la película ni había nacido, al escuchar el título por primera vez siendo niño, siempre hice una primera asociación con el único Robinson que yo conocía –es decir, Robinson Crusoe. Y con esa libertad que se prodiga en la infancia, directamente pensé que esa Sra. Robinson no era otra sino la esposa de Crusoe.
Pero dejando aparte los mitos, esto es a Hoffman y a Crusoe, ¿a qué viene a colación ahora la señora Robinson? Estaba el otro día tan tranquilo cuando leí un titular inquietante: decía que los consumidores que no desearan recibir publicidad podrían hacer uso de una tal "Lista Robinson" para protegerse. Bueno, para ser exactos, no decía publicidad, sino "comunicaciones comerciales no deseadas". Bastó esa línea asociada a ese nombre para que toda mi infancia se desplegara y trajera hasta mí a robinsones y robinsonas, que salían en defensa del maltrecho ciudadano, al menos en cuanto a SPAM se refiere.

86. Translate the following phrasal verbs into Spansih

2009-07-23T08:46:00.000-07:00

1. The prisoner broke away from the guards
2. He was called away on business
3. He got completely carried away with his recital
4. We had to come away in the end, it was embarrassing
5. Quick, don’t let him get away
6. I wish you would go away and leave me in peace
7. It’s best to keep away from him, he’s a bit crazy
8. When I pass an accident on the motorway I tend to look away
9. The robbers made away with sixteen thousand pounds
10. Godfrey put away his computer
11. He has put away some money for the future
12. That man hit the waiter and ran away
13. She took away the screaming child
14. We were turned away by the bouncers
15. He said he broke into a house last night
16. She always breaks into song at parties
17. We came into a very dark cave
18. She came into a lot of money
19. I fell into bad company
20. You fell into a well when you were only seven
21. The car is difficult to get into to
22. I’ve got into playing chess at the moment
23. We go into the dark room
24. We go into the subject matter in more depth
25. I will look into this matter
26. I looked into a well
27. Put some effort into it
28. I ran into a friend at the supermarket, she was happy to see me
29. I ran into a wall and broke my nose
30. Let’s take into account the following problems
31. Would do you make of that?
32. Tony was called aside by Gordon
33. Keep aside please, a big trolley is passing
34. We have decided to put aside our savings for later
35. Let’s set that aside for the moment and concentrate on this
36. Do you want me to take him aside and have a word with him?
37. He brought by the book I wanted
38. He called by to say hello
39. Why don’t you come by the house on Saturday?
40. We are just getting by on 100 pounds a week
41. Time goes by so quickly
42. I put by some money for later
43. I called over on Monday but you were out
44. Let’s carry over the money into the next month
45. Come over! Everyone is waiting for you
46. He fell over due to drinking too much
47. Let’s go over that point again
48. Look over there, that man is naked
49. Put the vase over there thanks
50. My dog was run over by a van and then buried in a pizza box
51. Take that plate over there
52. He is taking over the country
53. Turn over the omlette please
54. Turn over onto your stomach
55. I am bringing a case against Mcdonalds
56. You fell against a wall and banged your head
57. Don’t go against my wishes
58. He ran against the wall and knocked himself out
59. They came past but didn’t acknowledge us
60. I can’t get past this problem
61. Go past the supermarket and turn left
62. Look past the problem and think about the big picture
63. I can do without his stupid comments all the time
64. I can’t go without a coffee in the morning
65. Get behind me Satan
66. Pakistani’s wives always go behind them
67. Keep behind, don’t let him see you
68. Look behind you, quick!
69. Put all those problems behind you now
70. He’s running behind me
71. Bring your friend along tomorrow, I like his juggling
72. Come along with us, there’s room for everyone
73. She gets along with her brother
74. Go along this road and then turn right
75. He was running along the pavement when he tripped up
76. Run along now and do you duties
77. He took his girlfriend along to the party
78. She left the party in tears and he went after her
79. Look after the young and they will look after you when you get old
80. He takes after his father
81. I can’t believe you fell for that!
82. Let’s break for lunch
83. He’s gone for the red one, which one do you want?
84. Could you look for this word in the dictionary, please?
85. Break up the biscuit and share it
86. Mustapha and Clothilda broke up because their stupid names would look ridiculous on their wedding invitations
87. She brought up the matter of the European Union
88. He brought up ten children by himself
89. He brought up his lunch during the meeting
90. Let’s call them up and ask them
91. We did up our house over the summer
92. Do up your laces, you’ll trip up if not
93. Go up in a balloon and see for yourself
94. The prices are going up
95. Come on, keep up!
96. Look up at the sky
97. Look up this word in the dictionary
98. He made up the story
99. They kissed and made up
100. We can make up the amount if we all add something
101. She’s making up before going on stage
102. Can you put up a friend over the weekend?
103. I put up some shelves last Tuesday
104. Run up that hill if you can
105. We ran up a tremendous bill that we had to do a “runner”
106. Let’s set up this program
107. I’ve been set up by the police
108. I’ve decided to take up swimming
109. Take up the trousers please
110. I need you to turn up this street
111. She didn’t turn up last night. How rude!
112. Turn up your trousers if you go paddlingA neighbour told me to turn down the music, so I turned it up

85. Translate these subjunctives into English

2009-07-21T01:51:00.001-07:00

Sin que se dieran cuenta se les hizo de noche en la habitación de donde no habían salido en muchas horas…

Como si la penumbra y luego la oscuridad que no notaban hubieran ido apaciguando el tono de sus voces…

Si se paraban a pensarlo era casi imposible que se hubieran encontrado…

Él, hosco y callado y deseando marcharse a cualquier parte del mundo a condición de que no fuera Mágina…

Desconocidos, cruzándose en las calles de Mágina y tan extraños como si hubieran vivido a una distancia de siglos… >>>> Unknown to each other, coming across each other in the streets of Magina and so strange to each other as if they had both lived centuries apart.

Herederos de un valor fracaso mucho antes de que ellos nacieran modelados sin saberlo por hechos memorables…

Cuando se pone vestidos cortos y ceñidos para que él la mire y la desee buscándola en el espacio…

Porque si saliera vestida así a la calle se quedaría congelada…
Con la precaución de que no se despertara para ir a la cocina y prepararle café…

Con la misma naturalidad que si hubieran vivido siempre juntos en ese apartamiento…

En accesos de celos, como si le hubiera sido infiel antes de conocerlo…

Qué raro que alguien haya nacido de ella y la necesite más que yo…

Echó las cortinas para que no volviera despertarla la luz de la mañana de invierno…

Fue como si también cayera otra vez la noche y se aviara el fuego que alguien había encendido junto a un río…

Como si tuviera dieciséis años y estuviera viendo por primera vez a una mujer desnuda…

Se le concedía el derecho a admirarla, a hundir en ella, para que despertara la lengua o los dedos…

Cerró la puerta con cuidado, para que no entrar la luz del pasillo…

Y luego, esparciendo las ascuas sobre él, lo sacan al quicio de la puerta para que el viento del anochecer, tenue como una brisa marítima, lo encienda más rápido…

Escondido bajo la toquilla como si cobijara un gato…

Cómo es posible que haya gente dentro de esa caja tan pequeña, cómo se encogen de tamaño…

Las borra la distancia o el ruido de los cascos de los animales que relinchan en la cuadra, se me alejan como si hubiera perdido la emisora y aún continuara moviendo en vano en sintonizador…

83. Translate this into English

2009-07-20T23:46:00.000-07:00

Este martes se producirá un hecho histórico en las relaciones entre España y Gibraltar, la última colonia que queda en Europa: por primera vez, en 300 años de soberanía británica, un ministro español pisará el Peñón. Será el titular de Asuntos Exteriores, Miguel Ángles Moratinos, quien se reunirá con su homólogo británico, David Milliband, y mantendrá un encuentro con el ministro principal de Gibraltar, Peter Caruana.

*

NO existe nadie, por brillante que sea, que no haya fracasado en algún momento. El que sostenga lo contrario es un chisgarabís (busy-body), un necio y un embustero contumaz con el que no se puede ir ni a cobrar una herencia. De los escarmentados (once-scorned) nacen los avisados; a fuerza de reveses se tira por derecho; hay derrotas feraces y victorias estériles. Es decir, que, a la postre, para sobrellevar un contratiempo no es necesario ser un genio. Lo duro es conseguir salir indemne de esa trampa letal que representa el éxito. A fin de cuentas, ¿de qué diantre hablamos cuando hablamos de éxito? Hace cosa de un siglo -lustro más, lustro menos-, William James afirmaba que el declive moral de los estadounidenses era uno de los síntomas de la fiebre del «success», de la obsesión por encontrar en lo exitoso la alternativa al talento y la excelencia. Ahora, después de tanto tiempo, cualquiera que se asome al ventanuco de la tele puede certificar que «mister» James anticipó la ruina del espíritu con una lucidez profética.

*

Por primera vez pueden verse estas esculturas desde tan solo unos centímetros. Por primera vez nos acercamos hasta no perder detalle. Subidos a un andamio, a más de 6 metros de altura, mil años nos contemplan. El tiempo se deshace entre las manos, los ropajes, los pies y los rostros de estas dulces creaciones que representan el cielo, presidido por el Pantócrator. Los encontramos vivos, palpitantes, tal y como los contemplaron los artesanos que en el siglo XII comenzaron a esculpir estas moles de granito, bajo las órdenes del Maestro Mateo.

82 Dup. Vocabulary (use the google translate toolbar!)

2009-05-22T06:21:00.001-07:00

unfolding (adj)
partition (n)
to root out (v)
guess (n)
just (adj)
convoy (n)
overloaded (adj)
ute (n)
fridge (n)
workhorse (n)
sun-bleached (adj)
to herd (v)
steer (n)
digger (n)
outback (n)
to harbour (v)
ding0 (n)
to chew (v)
to spew (v)
brand-spanking-new (adj)
wistfully (adv)
palm (n)
nubuck (n)
servo (n)
astonishment (n)
to pat(v)
brickie-cum-golderminer (n)
to swear (v)
caretaker (n)
scathing (adj)
misogynist (n)
crutch (n)
hindrance (n)
to wobble (v)
bloke (n)
all-bridges-burnt (adj)
rough (adj)
frail (adj)
wreck (n)
saintly (adv)
hook (n)
pin (n)
needle (n)
fence (n)
limb (n)

82. FCE/CAE/PROF Multiple choice gap-filling

2009-05-19T09:11:00.000-07:00

Many Cambridge exams require students to read through an article (from the Economist, Times, or other leading newspaper) and fill in the missing gaps (usually 40) in the text. You are given four options. "Circle a letter A, B, C or D that best fills the gap".

The only way to practise this part of the exam is: to find other exercise of the same style in other books; read as much as you can from the aforementioned newspapers; make a note of all the wrong answers you give and then write a list of all the corrections (usually - collocations) on a sheet of paper.

Example.

"It is easy to _____ off such idiocies..."

A. laugh B. smile C. take D. put

Answer - "to laugh off"

- a phrasal verb meaning "no darle importancia a un asunto riéndose hasta que uno se olvide de él"

If you want some examples please send me an email stating "entrada 82. Multiple choice gap-filling" - mboothroyd@orange.es

81. Pronouns

2009-05-16T01:10:00.000-07:00

I me my mine
you you your yours
he him his his
She her her hers
we us our ours
they them their theirs
this these
that those
this one these ones
that one those ones

80. Else

2009-05-14T00:03:00.001-07:00

In positive sentences +

something else - no esta cosa pero otra
somewhere else - no aquí pero en otro sitio (también se dice "elsewhere")
somebody else - no él pero otra persona

In negative sentences and questions - / ?

anything else - otra cosa más que ésta
anywhere else - otro sitio más que éste
anybody else - otra persona más que ésta

In positive sentences +

nothing else - nada más que ésta
nowhere else - ningún otro sitio más que éste
nobody else - ninguna otra persona que ésta

In positive and negative sentences + / -

everything else - las demás cosas
everywhere else - los demás sitios
everybody else - los demás (personas)

En plan de amenaza suave, en broma, o de niños se dice:

Do the washing up, or else... - lava los platos, porque si no...

79. Indeterminate Adverbs

2009-05-13T23:57:00.000-07:00

Indeterminate Adverbs

Whatever it is - lo que sea
Whenever you go - cuandoquiera que vayas
Wherever you travel - dondequiera que viajes
Whichever you choose -cualquiera que elijas
Whoever it is - quienquiera que sea
Whosever it is - de quienquiera pertenezca
However you do it - comoquiera lo hagas
However much you want- cuanto quieras
However many you want - cuantos quieras

78. as well.too.also

2009-05-13T23:52:00.001-07:00

END OF SENTENCE ONLY

I am going "as well"
I am going "too"

MID POSITION
I "also" go
I'm "also" going
I have "also gone"
I have "also" been going

END OF SENTENCE
I go "also"
I'm going "also"
I have gone "also"
I have been going "also"

77. The five senses + "-ing"

2009-05-13T23:49:00.000-07:00

SIGHT HEARING SMELL TOUCH TASTE
Verbs of perception - Sub + verb + noun or pronoun + verb"-ing"

I see him coming
I hear him singing
I smell him cooking
Touch N/A
Taste N/A

76. Future substitutes

2009-05-13T23:46:00.000-07:00

I am to see (to be+INF) intention
I am due to see (to be+DUE+INF) intention
I am about to go (to be+ABOUT+INF) immediate
I am on the point of going (to be+ON THE POINT OF+GERUND) immediate
I see him tomorrow (PRESENT TENSE -used with timetables/agendas/plan) PREDICTION

75. Emphatic "do/did"

2009-05-13T23:44:00.000-07:00

I "do" like chocolate - "Sí que" me gusta el chocolate
I "did" go to the theatre - "Sí que" fui al teatro

74. Modals with perfect tenses

2009-05-13T23:33:00.000-07:00

Analyse the following:

I must have gone
I have to have gone
I should have gone
I could have gone
I ought to have gone
I may have gone
I might have gone
You must have told me you were going
You might have told me you were going (two meanings)
You should have told me you were going
You could have told me you were going (two meanings)

Which of the above sentences signifies that you "did" actually go.

73. Phrasal verbs in sentences

2009-05-13T22:59:00.001-07:00

With…DOWN

The car “broke down” on the way to the coast
She “broke down in tears” when her new hat was ruined

Studying “comes down” to having the time
Paul “came down with” the swine flu
“Come down” from that tree!

Let’s “get down” to work.

Are you “going down“(in the lift)?

“Keep down” there is a large missile coming over
“Keep down”, don’t let the police see you!

My house “looks down” on a busy street
Martha is rich and “looks down” on her friends.

The animal had to be “put down”
“Put down” that book on the table
My boss is always” putting me down”

They were “run down” by a truck
My boss’s boss is always “running him down”

She was “taken down” by the machine gun
We “took the picture down” from the wall
He “took down” the address

We “turned down” a busy street
Debbie “turned down” her bed

With…IN

We break in the new car gently so as not to damage the engine

I called in yesterday but you weren’t here

Come in!
That barber’s basin will come in for a helmet

She fell in with bad company

I got in the bus
I get into playing golf

I put in for a transfer to Barcelona

I took in a beggar for the night
I was taken in by his trick
I took in the washing because it was raining

I’m turning in for the night

With…OFF

They broke off to have a coffee
Pablo and Paula have broken off their engagement

Did you manage to bring it off?
You brought off the door handle, you silly sausage!

The meeting is going to be called off

We carried off the difficult task
He was carried off on a stretcher

The handle came off in my hand

The stone penis fell off the renaissance statue

Two teenagers were getting off on the metro
Two teenagers got off the metro

That milk has gone off
He just went off without a word to nobody
The fire alarm went off at 4am

They made off with 2 million pounds in diamonds

Let’s put off the meeting until next week
His burping at the dinner table puts me off

We ran off into the distance

What time will we set off?

Who set off the firework in the bathroom?

The plane took off at 9pm
He took off his boxer shorts
The comedian took off the Prime Minister

We turned off at junction 45

With…OUT

They broke out of prison
A fight broke out in the bar

The sun brought out the flowers
White wine brings out red wine stains

I call out your name but you’re not there

It will be difficult to carry out this task

How will that stain come out?
Come out of the closet!
The flowers have come out
Are you coming out tonight?

Pablo and Paula have fallen out
Don’t fall out of the window
We have fallen out with the neighbours

Let’s get out of here!
I got out of the box

Pablo and Paula are going out together
Are you going out?

Look out!

They were making out on the metro
I couldn’t make out the ship on the horizon

Put out the cat
Put out the fire

I felt put out when I had to drop somebody in Ávila

We’ve run out of masks
We ran out of the bank after robbing it

We set out to go India put we discovered America

Take out the garbage
I would take out some money and pay the waiter
Take out a flying license
Let’s take out a pizza
I took Martha out to the cinema
I took out the dog

Everything turned out well in the end

With...UP

Sydney and Charlotte broke up last week
The space-shuttle broke up when it entered the Earth's atmosphere
We broke up for the holidays last week

We brought up the problem with racism
We brought up Turkey at the Christmas dinner
We brought up Turkey at the European Union summit

Call him up!
He was called up for Vietnam

Come up here please.

We did up the house
He did up his trousers

She got up early
He got up off the floor

Can you keep up a football?
Try to keep up?

Look up at that aeroplane?
Look it up in the dictionary

They made up after the argument
You made up the story
You make up before going on stage
We make up for the loss of classes the week after

We put up his mother-in-law
We put up with his attitude

We run up a mountain
We run up a large bill

We set up a business
We set up a computer application

We take up golf
We take up all the slack

We turn up at the concert with a ticket
We turn up our trousers when we go paddling
We turn up the volume

72 dup dup. Vocabulary (use the google translate toolbar!)

2009-05-13T22:09:00.000-07:00

to team up (v)
poll (n) & (v)
tune (n) & (v)
to choke up (v)
moving (adj)
shutdown (n)
gingerly (adv)
barely (adv)
ban (n)
to dispense with (v)
relief (n)
inquest (n)
handling (n)
to turn out (v)
tardy (adj)
to slide (v)
outbreak (n)
to lop (v)
to offset (v)
to charter (v)
time lapse (compoundNOUN)
distress (n)
to treat (v)
amendments (n)
outright (adj)
to tackle (v)
breeding (adj)
appalled (adj)
pace (n)

72 dup. IDIOMS

2009-05-13T10:38:00.001-07:00

IDIOMS

Last but not least:
An introduction phrase to let the audience know that the last person mentioned is no less important than those introduced before him/her.

Lend Me Your Ear:
To politely ask for someone's full attention.

Let Bygones Be Bygones:
To forget about a disagreement or arguement.

Let Sleeping Dogs Lie:
To avoid restarting a conflict.

Let The Cat Out Of The Bag:
To share a secret that wasn't suppose to be shared.

Level playing field:
A fair competition where no side has an advantage.

Like a chicken with its head cut off:
To act in a frenzied manner.

liquor someone up:
To get someone drunk.

Long in the Tooth:
Old people (or horses).

Loose Cannon:
Someone who is unpredictable and can cause damage if not kept in check.

PHRASAL VERBS

(to) let up: parar.

(to) let up on: dejar en paz.

(to) look after: ocuparse de, atender a/ cuidar (de).

(to) look ahead: mirar hacia adelante.

(to) look at: mirar, considerer/ mirar.

(to) look back: mirar atrás.

(to) look down on: despreciar.

(to) look for: buscar.

(to) look forward to: esperar (con ansia).

(to) look in on: pasar (un momento) por.

72. Identifying and non-identifying clauses

2009-05-13T00:43:00.001-07:00

IDENTIFYING CLAUSES (IC) HAVE NO COMMAS AND CAN SOMETIMES BE REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES (RRC). THEY NOUN DOESN’T SPECIFY ANYTHING CONCRETE.

Observe- The identifiers

What’s the name of the tall man who just came in?
Is that your car that’s parked outside?
Paris is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit. (RRC)
People who take physical exercise live longer.

***********************************************************

NON-IDENTIFYING CLAUSES (NIC) HAVE COMMAS AND ALRADY HAVE THE NOUN STATED BEFORE THE RELATIVE CLAUSE.

Observe-

This is Mr. Rogers, who’s joining the firm next month.
In 1908 Ford developed his Model T car, which sold for $500.

******************************************************************

COMPARING THE TWO. PLEASE NOTE THE DIFFERENCE

The woman who does my hair has moved to another hairdresser’s. (IC)
Dorothy, who does my hair, has moved to another hairdresser’s. (NIC)

71. Translate these structures into English

2009-05-13T00:36:00.000-07:00

Pista - Where you see an asterisk* is where the structure changes in English.
Remember that there is no subjunctive in English here.

Quiero que vengan*

Veo que está lloviendo

Cuando llegue, te llamaré

Una vez lo tengas, llámame

Hacen que sufra él*

Algo que puedas leer

Tengo miedo de que se peguen*

Que vengan es lo que quiero*

Puede que vayamos*

Dondequiera que vayas, te sigo*

Es importante que lo sepas*

Si juego, ganaré

Si jugase, ganaría

Si hubiera jugado, habría ganado.

70. Avoiding repetition

2009-05-12T09:49:00.000-07:00

Using auxiliaries and modal verbs to avoid repetition.

You must be the new teacher.
Yes I am/must.

Have you been living here long?
I certainly have.

Did you arrive yesterday, then?
Yes, I did, but my suitcases didn’t.

Did you ask an official to explain to you what happened?
I did but he wouldn’t.

But she told you that you should have checked in earlier.
I thought I had but I was wrong.

But I thought her friend said you ought to have been queuing in the other line.
I thought I was.

I think they put my luggage on the wrong plan.
I suspect they did.

The traffic seemed to be moving very slowly.
Yes, I’m sure it was.

I’m looking forward to the exams.
I bet you are.

I can’t speak Chinese.
It’s a shame it would help if you did.

I am going to China and I hope to learn the language.
I’m sure you will.

When are you going to move into your flat?
I already have.

I’ll help you with that if you want.
Oh, will you?

I might join a language class.
I would if I were you.

Reduced infinitives after certain verbs
-(TO BE can never be reduced*)

At first she refused to help him but then he persuaded her to.

Why didn’t Humphrey give you a lift to the station?
He wanted to, but I told him I would rather walk.

They are offended now, you shouldn’t have said that.
I didn’t mean to.

Are you taking a holiday this summer?
I intend to.

He was very angry, much angrier than I expected him to be.*

Why didn’t you invite Godfrey to your party?
I forgot to.

The economy is much worse than it used to be.*

Did we give them some vouchers?
We offered to, but they refused.

All verbs with the dependent preposition “to” can be used in this way. >>

manage to
ought to
have to
need to
start to
persuade to
want to
mean to
intend to
expect to
forget to
used to
offer to
be unable to
be able to
volunteer to

69. Pronounce these past participles, please.

2009-05-12T09:48:00.001-07:00

Abandoned
Abased
Abashed
Abated
Abdicated
Abducted
Abetted
Abhorred
Abjured
Abolished
Abominated
Abridged
Abrogated (abolished)
Absconded (escaped)
Abstracted
Abutted
Acceded (agreed)
Accented
Accentuated
Accepted
Accessed
Accompanied
Accomplished
Accorded
Accosted
Accounted
Accoutred
Accredited
Accrued
Accused
Accustomed
Achieved
Acknowledged
Acquainted
Acquiesced
Acquired
Acquited
Acted
Adapted
Added
Addicted
Adduced (advanced)
Adhered
Adjoined
Adjourned (postponed)
Adjudged (assigned)
Adjured (begged)
Adjusted
Administered
Admitted
Admonished
Adopted
Adored
Adulterated
Adventured
Advertised
Advocated
Affected
Affiliated
Affirmed
Affixed
Afflicted
Aged
Agglutinated (glued)
Aggrandized (exalted)
Aggravated
Aggrieved
Agitated
Aided
Aimed
Aired
Alarmed
Alientated
Allayed (appeased)
Alleged
Alleviated
Allotted
Allowed
Alluded
Allured
Allied
Altered
Amalgamated
Amassed
Amazed
Ameliorate
Amended
Amputated
Amused
Anchored
Angered
Angled
Animated
Annexed
Annihilated
Announced
Annoyed
Annulled
Anointed
Answered
Anticipated
Aped (conterfeited)
Appalled
Appealed
Appeared
Appeased (assuaged)
Appended (attached)
Applauded
Applied
Appointed
Apportion (assign)
Apprehended
Apprised (informed)
Approached
Appropriated
Approved
Arched
Argued
Arouse
Arraigned (accused)
Arrayed (placed)
Arrested
Arrived
Arrogated (claimed)
Ascended
Ascertained
Asked
Aspired
Assailed (attacked)
Assembled
Assented (affirmed)
Asserted
Assessed
Asseverated (affirmed)
Assigned
Assisted
Associated
Assorted
Assumed
Assured
Astonished
Atoned (compensated)
Attached
Attacked
Attained
Attempted
Attenuated (diminished)
Attested (authenticated)
Attired
Attracted
Attributed
Attuned (harmonized)
Augmented
Authorized
Availed (assisted)
Avenged
Avered (alleged)
Avoided
Avouched (asserted)
Avowed (admitted)
Awarded
Awed (intimidated)

68. Adverbs

2009-05-12T09:47:00.001-07:00

accidentally
afterwards
almost
always
angrily
annually
anxiously
awkwardly
badly
blindly
boastfully
boldly
bravely
briefly
brightly
busily
calmly
carefully
carelessly
cautiously
cheerfully
clearly
correctly
courageously
crossly
cruelly
daily
defiantly
deliberately
doubtfully
easily
elegantly
enormously
enthusiastically
equally
even
eventually
exactly
faithfully
far
fast
fatally
fiercely
fondly
foolishly
fortunately
frantically
gently
gladly
gracefully
greedily
happily
hastily
honestly
hourly
hungrily
innocently
inquisitively
irritably
joyously
justly
kindly
lazily
less
loosely
loudly
madly
merrily
monthly
more
mortally
mysteriously
nearly
neatly
nervously
never
noisily
not
obediently
obnoxiously
often
only
painfully
perfectly
politely
poorly
powerfully
promptly
punctually
quickly
quietly
rapidly
rarely
really
recklessly
regularly
reluctantly
repeatedly
rightfully
roughly
rudely
sadly
safely
seldom
selfishly
seriously
shakily
sharply
shrilly
shyly
silently
sleepily
slowly
smoothly
softly
solemnly
sometimes
soon
speedily
stealthily
sternly
successfully
suddenly
suspiciously
swiftly
tenderly
tensely
thoughtfully
tightly
tomorrow
too
truthfully
unexpectedly
very
victoriously
violently
vivaciously
warmly
weakly
wearily
well
wildly
yearly
yesterday

67. Important Vocabulary

2009-05-12T09:42:00.001-07:00

a pivotal figure
premium
a premium student
a range of
abandon
abbreviate
abrasion
abstract
absurd
abundance
accelerate
have access to
accessible
acclaim
accommodate
accommodating
accompany
accord
accumulate
accustom
acquaintance
acronym
acute
adapt
addictive
additive
adept
adjoining/adjacent
adjust
adobe
abode
adopt
adornment
advent
adverse
advocate
anesthetic
affect
affected
affectation
affiliate
afflict
affluent
aggravating
aggregate
agitation
akin to
alchemy
alder
sloth
algae
alien
all but
all inclusive
allocate
alloy
ally
alternate
altitude
latitude
aluminium
ambiance
amenable
amiable
amplify
ancestor
annihilate
annual
anomaly
anonymous
antibiotics
antiquate
apart from
appeal
appealing
apprentice
approach
aptly
aquatic
arch
archaeology
archipelago
architect
arduous
arena
arid
armature
aromatic
array
arthritis
arthrosis
artificial
artisan
as a rule
as a rough thumb
as far as
as such
ascend
ascribe to
aspriring
assemble
assert
associate
assorted
assume
assure
assurance
astounding
astute
at inerval
at one session
at the cutting age of
atomization
attach
attain
attire
attribute
auditorium
auger
automated/automatic
available
aviation
avocational
aware
awkward
backdrop
ballet
balmy
barb
barge
bark
barn
bare
barrier
barter
basement
be characterized by
be taken aback
be up to
beak
beam
bequest
besiege
bestow
bias
bitterness
bizarre
blanket
blast
blazing
bleak
blend
bless
block
blossom
blues
bluff
blunt
boslter
boom
boon
boost
bored
boundary
bow
breach
breeze
brilliant
briny
briskly
brittle
bronze
bubble
buckle
buggy
bulk
bundle
burdensome
burgeon
burrow
bust
bustle
by a of
by far
cab
cabinet
cactus(pl.)
caliberation
campaign
cannibalism
canopy
canyon
capability
capacity
carapace
carbonhydric
cardiac
cargo
carnival
carnivore
carve
cast
casting
category
cater
cathedral
cavern
cavity
cease
celestial
cell
cello
census
ceremony
chafe
chamber
chaos
charcoal
charter
chateau
check
chill
chimpanzee
chisel
cavalry
chop
choppy
cord
circulator
circulation desk
circumscribe
cite
civilian
civility
claim
clam
clamer
clan
classification
clay
cliff
cling to
clockwise
clumsy
cluster
code of law
codify
coexist
cohabit
cohesion
coincide
collaborate
collective
collide
collossus
combustible
comet
commision
committed
commodity
comonsense
communal
commuter
compact
companion
comparable
compatible
compel
compensation
competing
competitive
compile
complacence
complement
complex
complicated
comply with
component
compose of
composition
compound
compress
comprise
conceal
concede
conceive
conception
concerted
concise
concrete
condense
conder
conductivity
cona
confederate
configurate
confine to
confirm
conflict
confront
congenial
congestion
congregate
conifer
conjecture
consecutive
consequence
consequently
conservation
considerably
considerate
consortium
constantly
constitution
constrain
constrict
construction
consume
contemporary
contend
content
contest
continental
continuum
contract
contradict
contribution
controversial
convention
converge
converse
convex
convey
convict
conviction
coordinated
copy
coral
cord
corona
corps
corral
correspondingly
corridor
corset
cosmic
costume
council
counterbalance
counterpart
course
cowhand
crack
craft
crash
crater
crawl
creature
credit
crew
crisscross
criteria
critical
crooked
crowbar
crucial
crude
crumple
crunch
crush
crust
crustacean
crystal
cubic
culminate
cumbrous
curator
curriculum
custodian
cuticle
cylinder
dash
daunting
dawn
dazzling
debate
debris
declaration
decline
decorate
defecate
deference
deficiency
deform
defe
degradaton
dehydrate
deliberate
delicate
delta
demobilize
demolish
dense
depict
deplete
deposit
depredation
depreciation
depression
derive
desalination
descend
designate
desirable
desirous
desperate
despoil
destruction
detect
deter
deteriorate
determinant
devastate
device
devoid
devour
devout
diagonal
diameter
dictate
diction
differentiate
diffuse
digest
digress
dilute
deminish
dinosaur
discard
discern
discharge
discipline
discourage
discourse
discreet
disintegrate
dispense
disperse
disposal
disposed
disproportionate
dispute
disputant
disrepute
disseminate
dissipated
dissolve
distent
distinct
distinctive
distort
distract
distribute
diver
diverge
diverse
diversify
diversion
documentation
dodge
dogma
dolphin
domain
domestic
dominant
domination
dormant
dorsal
drag animal
drain
dramatic
drawback
drill
drought
ductile
dump
durable
dwarf
eccentric
eclipse
ecoligical
economize
edentate
edible
edifice
eject
elaborate
elaborately
electron
elegance
elevation
elicit
eligible
eliminate
elite
elixir
elliptical
elusive
embed
embellish
emboss
embryology
emerge
emigrate
emission
employ
enact
encounter
engrave
enormous
entangle
enterprise
entity
entrepreneur
enzyme
epidermis
epoch
equilibrium
equivalence
erect
erosion
eruption
eternal
ethically
ethnic
evaporate
eventful
evergreen
evident
eviscerate
evoke
evolution
exalt
excavate
exceed
excel
exception
excess
esclude
exclusive
execution
excutive
exempt
exert
exhale
exhibition
exobitance
expand
expedition
expenditure
expertise
explicite
exploit
exponential
express
expressive
extend
extensive
exterior
external
extinct
extract
fabic
facility
facilitation
faction
factor
faculty
fade
famine
fanatic
fascinate
fascinating
fashionable
fatal
fatigue
faucet
fauna
feasible
feat
feed on
fencing
fend
fertile
fertilize
festival
feverish
fibre
fiction
fidelity
fieldresearch
file
fir
flare
flake
flea
fleating
flexible
float
flock
fluctuation
folklore
follow suit
folly
forage
forbidden
forbidding
foremost
foresee
foreshadow
forge
formalize
formation
formidable
formulate
fort
fortify
fortuitous
fossilize
foster
fracture
fragile
fragment
fray
freight
frennetic
frenzy
frigid
fringe
from a far
frustrate
frustration
fume
function
fungi
fungus
furnish
fuse
galaxy
gallery
galvanize
gap
gassy
generation
generous
genetic
genial
genre
genuine
get in the way of
giant
girder
glacier
glamorous
gland
glassware
glimpse
global
go against agree to do sth.
go broke
gorgeous
gormand
granite
graphic
grasshopper
gravitation
grave
gravity
graze
grumble
gulf
gush
gymnastics
gyration
habitat
hail
hallmark
halt
hamper
handcraft
hands-on
harden
hardware
harness
harshness
haste
hatch
haul
haunt
haven
hazardous
heed
heel
helium
hem
hemisphere
herald
herculean
herd
heritage
heterogeneous
hibernation
hierachy
highlight
hinge
hinterland
hold a lot of stake
hollow
horizon
horizontal
hostile
house
huddle
hurl
hydrogen
hypersensitive
hypothesis
iceberg
icical
icon
identical
identifiable
ideology
idiom
ignite
illuminate
illusion
illustrate
imaginary
imbible
imitation
immense
immobilize
immune
impact
impair
impart
impediment
imperative
impermeable
impersonal
impersonate
impetuous
implement
implication
implicit
import
impose
imposing
impressive
imprint
imprisonment
improvise
in accord with
in common
in scales
in terms of
inaccessible
inactivate
inadequate
inappropriate
incapacitate
incessant
incident
inclination
incongruence
incongruent
incorporate
incredible
indent
indented
indicate
indispensable
individualism
inducible
induction
industrialization
inevitable
inextricable
intricate
infection
inferiority
infest
inflation
inflict
influx
ingenious
ingenuous
ingredient
inhabit
inherit
inhibit
innumerable
insanity
insight
insistence
inspection
inspiration
inspire
instantaneous
instinct
institute
institution
institutionalize
instructive
instructor
instrumentalist
insulin
insulting
insurmountable
intact
integral
integrate
intelligible
intense
intensive
intent
interact
interconnect
interdependent
interference
interior
interlock
internal
interpersonal
interpretation
interrupt
interstellar
interval
intervention
intimacy
intoxication
intricate
intriguing
intrinsic
intrude
invade
inventory
invertebrate
ion
irresistible
irreverence
irreversible
irrevocable
irrigate
isolated
jealousy
jellyfish
jest with
jolt
journalism
junction
jury
judgement
juxtaposition
keen
kennel
kernel
kerosene
kinetic
laborious
labyrinth
lament
landmass
landscape
landslide
larva
laser
latitude
lava
lavatory
lave
layer
layment
learn by rote
lease
ledge
legacy
legume
lengthen
lettuce
liable of
light bulb
linestone
linger
litter
livelihood
livingquarters
locomote
locomotive
log
long-range missile
loom
lore
lumber
luminosity
luminary
lure
lyric
magnesium
magnet
magnify
magnitude
maize
majestic
majority
makeup
malleability
malleable
mammal
mammoth
manoeuvre
mania
manifest
manifestation
manipulate
mansion
manual
margin
marine
maritime
markedly
marrow
mask
masonry
massive
masterpiece
mate
meagre
measures
machanic
mechanism
media
melodrama
memorial
mercantile
merchandise
metobolism
meteorite/meteor
meteorology
meticulous
metropolitan
micro-organism
microscope
migrate
milestone
millenarian
mime
mimetic
mingle
miniature
minimize
minuscule
minute
miraculous
mobility
mock
moderate
modify
moisture
molecule
molten
monochromatic
monopolise
monument
morale
morphology
mostdistinctive
motif
motivation
mortar
multifacetive
multiple
multistory
multitude
mundane
municipal
muscular
myriad
mysterious
nacotic
narrater
native to
neat
needy
neoclassical
neon
nerve cord
neural
neutron
neuter
niche
nickle
nonconformist
nontraditional
nostalgia
nostrum
not as yet
not so beautiful much a alurly
notch
note
notorious
noxious
nuclei
object to
obscure
obsess
obstacle
occurrence
off (great) scale
off shore
offspring
olfactory
on set
onslaught
opaque
optic
optimal/optimum
orchid
ore
organically
organism
orientation
originality
ornamental
ornamentation
ounce
outbreak
outlet
output
oval
overlap
overload
oversee
overtax
overwhelm
overwhelming
ox
pack
packed
painstaking
paleontologist
pane
panel
pants
paralysis
paralyze
paramount
paraphrase
parasite
particle
pasture
patent
pathogeny
patrol
patron
patronage
pebble
peculiaruty
pedant
penchant
penetrate
penetrating
peninsula
perceive
perch
percolate
percussion
percuss
peripheral
periphery
perishable
permeate
perpetuate
perplexing
persist
perspective
pertinent
pest
petal
pigment
pillow
pine
pit
pivotal
plank
plaster
plate
platitude
pliable
plight
plumbing
plumber
poisonous
polarize
pollen
pollutant
popular
portable
portent
portion
positive
possess
postal
postdate
posthumous
potential
pottery
poverty
prairie
precarious
precede
precipitate
precipitation
precursor
predator
predatory
predecessor
predominance
predominate
preeminent
prefabricate
prehistory
preponderance
ponderous
prerequisite
presence
presentation
preservation
preside over
prestige
pretension
prevail
prey
primal
primarily
primate
prime
primitive
priority
privilege
probe
proceed
process
proceeds
proclaim
proclivity
prod/spur
prodigious
prodigy
produce
proficiency
profile
prohibitive
proliferation
prolific
prominent
promising
promote
pronounced
proper
property
proponent
proportion
proprietorship
propulsion
prospect
prosper
prospertity
protectionist
protein
prototype
protrude
provincialism
provocative
prudent
pry open
publicize
punch
puncture
purification
pyramid
quaint
qualification
quarry
quench
quest
quiescent
quilt
radar
radiation
radical
radius
raft
ragtime
rally
rampant
rancher
range
range from sth. to sth.
rarefy
ration
rattlesnake
raven
readjust
realm
rear
rebellion
receptacle
receptor
recipe
recipient
recognise
reconstruct
recreation
rectangle
recycle
redirect
reed
refine
refined
reflection
refraction
refreshing
refreshment
refrigerate
regenerate
regime
regimentation
regulate
regulatory
rehabilitate
reign
reinterpret
reject
release
remainder
remanence
render
renounce
rent
reorient
replace
replenish
representation
reproduce
reptile
repute
resemble
reservior
residue
respective
restoration
restrict
retail
retain
retool
retreat
retrieve
reveal
reverend
reverse
revise
revitalization
revival
rhetoric
rhythm
ridge
rift
rigidity
riot
ripen
rite/ritual
rival
roam
robus
rod
roost
roust
rotate
rubble
rudimentary
rupture
rural
rustproof
sack
sacred
saddle
sample
sanctimonious
sanction
sanctuary
sanitation
satire
saturate
scale
scarce
scare
scatter
scavenger
scenery
scenic
scent
scheme
score
scramble
scratch
screen
screw
scruple
scuba
sculpture
sea cucumber
seabed
seaport
sea-ear
secrete
sect
sectional
sector
secular
securely
sediment
seedling
segment
seismal
self-sufficient
semimolten
sensibility
sensitive
sensimental
sequence
sequential
serene
serrate/serrated
set aside
setting
sewer
shatter
shear
shed
sheer
shelter
shepherd
shield
shifting
ship
shipwright
short-range
shriek
shrink
shrub
shutter
shuttle
signify
silicon
silversmith
simultaneous
scepticism/skepticism
skull
slab
slice
slide
slope
sloth
slowbreeding
smother
smuggle
snap
snappish
snippet
snowflake
snug
social distinction
solder
solemn
solidarity
solidify
solitary
solo
soluble
solution
soothe
sophisticate
sophistication
sort
soybean
spacecraft
spacious
span
span over
sparing
spark
sparse
spawn
specialize
species
specification
specimen
spectalcular
spectator
speculate
sphere
spinal
spiral
split
spoil
sponge
spontaneous
spotlight
spray
sprout
spur
squash
squeeze
squirt
stabilize
stagecoach
staggering
stagnant
staircase
stalk
stand the way of
staple
starch
starfish
starvation
starve
stash
stationary
status
steep
steer
stellar
stem
sterile
sticky
stiffen
stimulus
sting
stitch
stockcar
stoneman
stout
strained
strand
stratum
stretch
stride
strike
striking
string
stringent
strip
strive
stroke
stylize
subduce
subject to
submerge
submit
subsequent
subside
subsidize
subsist
substantial
substantive
substitute
subterranean
subtile
subtract
successive
succinct
sufficient
summit
sumptuous
superficial
superior
supernature
supplement
suppress
supreme
surface
surging
surpass
sustain
sustained
sustenance
swamp
swarm
sweep
symbiotic
symmetrical
sympathetic
synthetic
syrup
tableland
take into account
tariff
tavern
tectonics
tedium
telegraph
temple
temporal
tenant
tendency
tenement
tentacle
terminal
terminology
terrace
terrain
terrane
terrestrial
terrene
testify to
textile
texture
thigh
thread
three-dimensional
thrive
thunder storm
tilt
timber
time consuming
timid
tissue
to and fro
tolerance
topographical
topology
tornado
torpedo
torque
torrent
toxic
trace
track
trail
trample
tranquility
transcend
transcendent
transfer
transform
transition
translucent
transparent
transmit
transmitter
transplant
trap
tread
treason
tremendous
trench
trend
tribal
trickle
trigger
tropical
tub
tube
tumble
tundra
tunnel
turbulence
turbulent
turnpike
turquoise
twine
twist
tipify
tyrannical
ultrasonic
unadorned
unbridgeable
uncharted
undergo
underlying
undertake
undoubted
unexplored
unfertilized
unimaginable
uninhabited
unpalatable
unprecedented
unpredictable
unpromising
unravel
unregistered
unsubstantiated
untouched
upgrade
upland
urban
urbanism
urbanite
urbanization
usher
utilitarian
utilization
Utopian
utterly
vacancy
vanish
variable
variance
varnish
vault
vegetation
veil
veining
velocity
venerable
vent
venture
verse
version
vertebrate
vertical
vessel
viable
vigilance
violence
viral
viscosity
vivid
void
volatile
volcanic
voracious
vulnerable
waist
walnut
ward off
warehouse
warily
wary to
water
waxy
weary
weather
weird
weld
well-being
well-organized
whim
whimsical
whittle
wholesale
wholesome
willow
witness
wrap
wrack
wreck
wreckage
yawn
yarn
yield
yolk/yelk
zealous

66. Translate the following into English

2009-05-12T09:37:00.001-07:00

Me encantó que fueras tan clara.
Le puso triste que lloviera.
Le gustó que yo llevara el pelo largo.
Me dio igual que fueras o no al supermercado.
Fue normal que jugara.
No fue lógico que pensaras eso.
No soporté que me mintieras.
No fue justo que cancelaran la reunión.
Fue preciso que lo resolviera de inmediato.
Les preocupó que la reunión no empezara a tiempo.
No es verdad que la Guerra Civil Española terminara en 1945, sino que terminó en 1939.
Sin tu ayuda no lo hubiera hecho.
Si lo hubiera sabido, no habría venido (cond 3).
*
ACTIVIDAD MENTAL et al. (indicativo en positivo / subjuntivo en negativo)
No creo que él sepa la verdad
No estoy explicando que pueda ir al supermercado
No supongo que puedan hacerlo
No pienso que podamos terminar a tiempo
No leído que Sarkozy haya dimitido
No me he dado cuenta que tenga tres años
No estimo que llueva oro
No he comentado que Gordon Brown sepa nadar
No sueño que pueda volar
No considero que Pablo deba dinero
No he averiguado que caminase Paula
No compruebo que el billete sea falso
No opino que Zapatero mee en el césped
No verifico que el coche vaya lento
No exigo que os concentréis.
No he descubierto que la puerta sea hecha de metal
No recuerdo que me hayan golpeado
No me acuerdo de que hayan construido una muralla
No manifiesto que sepamos todo
No he escrito que nos podamos tomar el sol en pleno invierno

*
DUDAS (en negativo)
No está claro que los españoles duerman la siesta.
No es evidente que los argentinos hablen mucho.
No está visto que a todos los cubanos les guste la música.
No es obvio que en México se coma todos los días tacos.
No es verdad que todos los latinos sean muy pasionales.
No está comprobado que los latinos no sepan organizarse.
No es indiscutible que el tráfico sea un caos.
No está demostrado que España sea el mejor país.
*
Me ha dicho que vaya a su casa. (WANTAD)
Fuimos a la playa, no porque hiciera calor, sino porque queríamos pasear.
(1) Aunque esté lloviendo, (2) voy a salir. (<< sólo con dos oraciones)
Busco una ciudad de vacaciones que sea tranquila.
Necesito un portátil que pese poco y tenga mucha memoria.
No conozco ningún libro que te pueda interesar.
No tengo ningún amigo que escriba poemas.
No hay ningún restaurante en el que den comida peruana.
No sé de ningún lugar donde vivan animales prehistóricos.
No he visto ningún aparato que parezca un ovni.
Cuando llegue a casa, se cambiará de ropa.
Cómprate un coche, ya sea grande o pequeño.
Mira, como no llegues esta noche a las doce, no saldrás más.
Vendré a verte con tal de que me lo pidas.
Habla con me secretaria y, en caso de que no esté, deje un recado en el contestador.
Como vuelvas a mentirme, dejaré de hablarte.
En caso de que tuviera que marcharme el lunes, te avisaría, no te preocupes.
Le daban la beca con tal de que aprobara todas las asignaturas.
El le guardaría el puesto de trabajo con tal de que le mantuviera informado.
La llamó por teléfono para que estuviera tranquila.
Tengo un dinero ahorrado que invertiré según nos aconseje.
Haz tantos ejercicios según creas conveniente.
Te contaré lo que ha pasado en cuanto vea a Luis.
Los de la agencia nos mandaron los billetes antes de que saliéramos de viaje.
No es que tuvieran problemas sino que eran gilipollas.
No le habíamos invitado a la fiesta, de ahí que se enfadara mucho con nosotros.
Si tuviera suficiente dinero, compraría un coche. (cond 2)
Saldremos con vosotros a no ser que llueva.
Me escribiría, siempre que yo también le escribiera.

Qué bien que os vayáis a casar.
Qué pena que no puedas venir a la fiesta.
Qué suerte que te haya tocado la lotería.
Qué raro que no haya venido Teresa.
Siento mucho que tu abuelo esté enferma.
Qué interesante que haya una conferencia sobre filosofía.
Qué aburrido que tu madre no te deje salir.
Qué pesado que haya estado cinco horas hablando de sí mismo.
Qué divertido que haya payasos en la tele.
Posiblemente me nombre empleado del año.
Tenemos dos niños, puede incluso que tengamos otro más.
Probablemente no tenga más remedio que pedir un préstamo.
Estamos llamando a casa de Pablo, tal vez no nos oiga porque es sordo.
Por muy vago que sea, no sólo no suspende, sino que saca muy buenas notas.
No creo que le den el trabajo, no sólo porque no esté preparado, sino porque es muy joven.
Si yo fuera tú, haría los ejercicios.
Si venís a mi ciudad, no dejéis de llamarme y os la enseñaré.

Sea como sea.
Sea donde sea.
Sea cuando sea.
Sea lo que sea.
Vaya como vaya.
Vaya donde vaya.
Vaya cuando vaya.
Vea como vea.
Vea cuando vea.
Vea lo que vea.

A mí me da igual dónde vayamos, así que elige dónde quieres ir.
A mí me da igual lo que compremos, así que compramos lo que quieras.
Siento que se me haya olvidado que habíamos quedado, no era mi intención.
Les da pena que se les haya roto la televisión, es que no saben utilizarla.
Es un horror que el perro se le haya escapado, no se dio cuenta de que estaba suelto.
Es una barbaridad que se les haya arruinado la empresa, no sabían gestionarla.
Es maravilloso que nos suban el sueldo.
Es interesante que vayan a hablar de las nuevas medidas ecológicas.
Es muy sano que hayáis decidido hacer todos los días algo de deporte.
Es muy apetecible que propongan ir de viaje al Caribe.
Es muy cariñoso de tu parte que me hayas traído un regalito hecho por ti.
Es horrible que haya tenido un accidente.
Es fantástico que te hayan ascendido.
Me alegro de que sea vuestro aniversario.
Es muy positivo que los grupos llegaran a un acuerdo de paz y destruyan las armas.

No creo que haya que cambiar todo el sistema.
A mí no me parece que Alfredo tenga razón.
No pienso que los insecticidas sean perjudiciales para la salud.

65. The 32 Spanish tenses translated into English tenses

2009-05-12T08:50:00.000-07:00

como
I eat

coma
I eat / me eating / me to eat*

comí
I ate

comía
I ate / I was eating /I used to eat*

comiese
I ate / me eating / me to eat*

comiera
I ate/ me eating / me to eat*

comeré
I will eat

comería
I would eat

estoy comiendo
I am eating

este comiendo
I am eating/ me eating*

estuve comiendo
I was eating

estaba comiendo
I was eating

estuviera comiendo
I was eating/ me eating*

estuviese comiendo
I was eating/ me eating*

estaré comiendo
I will be eating

estaría comiendo
I would be eating

he comido
I have eaten

haya comido
I have eaten / me having eaten*

había comido
I had eaten

hube comido
I had eaten

hubiera comido
I had eaten/ me having eaten*

hubiese comido
I had eaten/ me having eaten*

habré comido
I will have eaten

habría comido
I would have eaten

he estado comiendo
I have been eating

haya estado comiendo
I have been eating /me having been eating*

había estado comiendo
I had been eating

hube estado comiendo
I had been eating

hubiera estado comiendo
I had been eating/ me having been eating*

hubiese estado comiendo
I had been eating/ me having been eating*

habré estado comiendo
I will have been eating

habría estado comiendo
I would have been eating

64. Joining words & Conjunctions

2009-05-12T08:44:00.000-07:00

Conjunction:

Time:
and-before-after-while

Reason, cause or result:
and-because-so that-so…that-such a…that

Contrast:
but-although

Adverbial phrases (starting the sentence):

Time:
Before that-after that-and then-during that time

Reason, cause or result:
because of this-that is why-as a result-consequently

Contrast:
nevertheless-however

Preposition:

Time:
before-after-during

Reason, cause or result:
because of-due to

Contrast:
in spite of-despite

Infinitive clauses

Purpose:
in order to-so as to

62. Pronouncing regular past participles "-ed"

2009-05-12T08:33:00.000-07:00

Word-voiced/unvoiced-phoneme

Slapped Sonora (voiced) /t/

Rubbed Sorda (voiceless) /d/

Wanted Exception /Id/

Recommended Exception /Id/

Walked Sonora (voiced) /t/

Mugged Sorda (voiceless) /d/

Watched Sonora (voiced) /t/

Judged Sorda (voiceless) /d/

Scoffed Sonora (voiced) /t/

Believed Sorda (voiceless) /d/

Soothed Sorda (voiceless) /d/

Kissed Sonora (voiced) /t/

Realised Sorda (voiceless) /z/

Wished Sonora (voiced) /t/

Measured Sorda (voiceless) /d/

Summed Sorda (voiceless) /d/

Abandoned Sorda (voiceless) /d/

Levelled Sorda (voiceless) /d/

Administered (/r/ is a semi-vowel at the end of words – no se pronuncia) /d/

Borrowed (/w/ is a semi-vowel at the end of words – no se pronuncia) /d/

Obey (/j/ is a semi-vowel at the end of words – no se pronuncia) /d/

All VOWEL sounds at the end of the infinitive + “ed” are pronounced as: / d /

61. Correlative conjunctions

2009-05-12T08:28:00.000-07:00

both...and
-tanto...como

not only...but also
-no sólo...sino también

either...or
-o...o

neither...nor
-ni...ni

whether...or
-si...o

60. adjectival, sustantive and verbal suffixes:

2009-05-12T08:23:00.001-07:00

The following are adjectival/sustantive and verbal suffixes. Give three examples for each one.

-able, -ible, -ble
adjectives

-age
nouns

-al
adjectives

-ance, -ancy,
nouns

-ant, -ent
nouns

-ation
nouns

-ee
nouns

-en
verbs

-ence, -ency,
nouns

-er
nouns

-ese
adjectives

-ess
nouns

-ful
adjectives

-hood
nouns

-ian
nouns

-ical
adjectives from nouns ending -y or -ics

-ify
verbs

-ish
adjectives
-ist
nouns
-ion
nouns

-ive
adjectives

-ize, -ise
verbs

-less
adjectives

-like
adjectives

-ly
adverbs

-ment
nouns

-ness
nouns

-ology
nouns

-or
nouns

-ous
adjectives

-ship
nouns

-wards
adverbs

-wise
adverbs

-y
adjectives

59. Analysis of dependent prepositions

2009-05-12T08:17:00.000-07:00

Dependent prepositions (always followed by a gerund after the preposition)-
Example – “TO ADMIT TO”

Our examples of objects for the sentences will be “cheating” (haciendo trampas) and “robbery” (el robo).

1. Use pronominally –
I admit to cheating. (both verbs are being done by you)

2. Use with another living subject –
(a) I admit to him cheating. (b) I admit that he cheated.

3. Use with a noun –
I admit to the robbery.

4. Cleft sentence of pronominal –
Me admitting to cheating is what I am talking about.

5. Cleft sentence with another living subject-
Him admitting to cheating is what I am talking about.

6. Cleft sentence with noun -
Me admitting to the robbery is what I am talking about.

7. Preparatory “It’s” sentence –
It’s me admitting to the robbery that I am talking about.

8. Analysis of the adverbial participle
“to” – linking yourself to the act.

9. Write out the verb in phonetics

10. ALL Noun/adjectival/adverbial/dangling participle/ADMIT to be found or discussed.
For example - admission/admittance. Admissible/admissive. admittedly

58. Futures (in the linguistic sense of the word not financial)

2009-05-12T06:27:00.000-07:00

I am "going to" drink tomorrow - PLAN
I "am drinking" tomorrow - INTENTION
I "will" drink tomorrow - PREDICTION
I said I "would" drink tomorrow - FUTURE IN THE PAST
"I'll" drink now - IMMEDIATE FUTURE
"I'll" drink tomorrow - PROMISE
I "will be drinking" tomorrow - POLITE FUTURE

57. Questions

2009-05-12T06:06:00.000-07:00

CONSENSUAL
"Shall" we go for the salt? - ¿Vamos a por el sal?
"Shall" I go for the salt? - ¿Voy a por el sal?

NORMAL
"Can" you/he/we/they pass the salt, please?

POLITE
"Could" you/he/we/ they pass they salt, please?

MORE POLITE
"Would" you/he/we/they pass the salt, please?

SUPER POLITE
"May" I pass you the salt?

DEMANDING/IMPOLITE
"Will" you/he/we/they pass the salt, please?

CAVERNÍCULA:
Pass the salt.

GENERAL QUESTIONS
You're passing the salt a lot today. "Do" you pass the salt on a regular basis?

56. The modals in all their sadistic splendour

2009-05-12T03:21:00.000-07:00

1 will
2 shall (old form of "will" - see Questions)
3 would

4 can (present simple only!!)
5 am able to
6 could
7 was able to
8 could
9 would be able to
10 >will be able to (future)
11 INFINITIVE - to be able to

12 should
13 ought to
14 have to
15 had to
16 >will have to (future)
17 would have to
18 must (present only!!)
19 INFINITIVE - to have to

20 may
21 might

22 need to
23 needed to
24 will need to
25 would need to
26 INFINITIVE - to need to

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

a) simple b) continuous c) perfect d)perfect continuous

(See No. 1 above)

1
a) I will go
b) I will be going
c) I will have gone
d) I will have been going

2
a) I shall go
b) I shall be going
c) I shalll have gone
d)I shall have been going

3
a) I would go
b) I would be going
c) I would have gone
d) I would have been going

4
a) I can go

5
a) I am able to go

6
a) I could go
b) I could be going
c) I could have gone
d) I could have been going

7

55. see.look at.watch.stare at.hear.listen to

2009-05-12T03:04:00.000-07:00

When you "see" someone you are merely perceiving them - it forms one of the five senses.

When you "look at" someone your gaze is fixed on them.

When you "watch" someone you are waiting to see what they do next.

When you "stare at" someone you are "clavando la vista" in them and making them feel uneasy.

When you "hear" someone you are merely perceiving them - it forms one of the five senses.

When you "listen to" someone you are cogitating and taking a mental note of what they say.

*Interesting exceptions

SEE

You can "see" someone in the sense that they are your girlfriend or boyfriend and you are "saliendo con ellos". This tense is always used in the present continuous - "I am seeing the Strong Man at the circus in Ventas at the moment"

You can "see" a film if you are talking about the past -"Did you see that film?"
For present use you are "watching a film"

You can "see" a point in conversation, although the point is abstract and intangible - "Oh, I see." This also acts as a corroborative utterence to show that you are interesting in what the speaker has to say.

HEAR

You can "hear" about something/news of a person etc - "I've heard about Pablo having a sex-change." This means "la noticia ha ido de voz en voz" and you happen to have heard the news and taken note of it even though "hear" is a perceptive verb.

>Please raise any more doubts in class in order to discuss them.

54. Idiomatic uses of suggestions and preference

2009-05-12T02:58:00.000-07:00

The following verbs use "would" and "had" in the idiomatic structures but do not have anything to do with the "conditional" or "past" - they all relate to the PRESENT tense.

Suggestion

You had better go - Mejor que te vayas.

Preference

Pronominal
I would rather "go" -Preferiría que me vaya
With another living subject
I would rather they "went" *- Preferiría que se vayan

Pronominal
I would sooner "go"- Preferiría que me vaya
With another living subject
I would sooner they "went" *- Preferiría que se vayan

*Notice that when there's another subject in the preference sentences the verb goes into the PAST - but it's considered a PRESENT construction.

53. Sentence structure

2009-05-12T02:43:00.000-07:00

Modal verb
– I should “go” (base)

Verb with an objective
– I want “to go” (infinitive)
- I want him "to go" (infinitive)

Action of the verb as an object
– I consider “going” (gerund)
-I consider him "going" (gerund)

Prepositional verb
– I think about “going” (gerund)
- I think about him "going" (gerund)

Others*
I let him "go" (base) to let
I make him "go" (base) to make

52. Questions - "Interrogatives" vs. "Interrogational clauses"

2009-05-09T12:30:00.001-07:00

Interrogatives (with inversion of subject and verb or with AUX "do/did" before the sub + verb)

1. WHOSE book "is this"?
2. WHEN "is he" coming?
3. WHY "will he" go there?
4. WHO was taking the car? * the exception is WHO - which is due to it being a pronoun.
5. WHERE "do you" think you will go?
6. WHAT "is it"?
7. HOW "can you" say that?
8. HOW MUCH (INCONTABLES) money "will you" bring?
9. HOW MANY (CONTABLES) cars "are there"?

*

Interrogational clauses (which have the normal order - Sub + verb)

1. I ask WHOSE book "this is".
2. I ask WHEN "he is" coming.
3. I ask WHY "he will" go there.
4. I ask WHO was taking the car.
5. I ask WHERE "you think" you will go.
6. I ask WHAT "it is".
7. I ask HOW "you can" say that.
8. I ask HOW MUCH (INCONTABLES) money "you will" bring.
9. I ask HOW MANY (CONTABLES) cars "there are".

51. some.any.no.every

2009-05-09T12:24:00.000-07:00

SOME is used in the positive.

I’m going “somewhere”
I’m seeing “somebody”
I’m doing “something”
I want “some” bread

ANY is used in the negative & questions

I’m not going “anywhere”
I’m not seeing “anybody”
I’m not doing “anything”
I don’t want “any” bread

Am I going “anywhere”?
Am I seeing “anybody”?
Am I doing “anything”?
Do I want “any” bread?

NO is used in the positive (but has a negative connotation)

I’m going “nowhere”
I’m seeing “nobody”
I’m doing “nothing”

EVERY is used for both negative and positive

I’m going “everywhere”
I’m seeing “everybody”
I’m doing “everything”

I’m not going “everywhere”
I’m not seeing “everybody”
I’m not doing “everything”

50. Picture description

2009-05-08T10:26:00.000-07:00

in the middle/centre/foreground/background,

on the left/right (hand side),

to the left/right of ... ,

at the top/bottom,

in the top/bottom left/right hand side corner,

in front of,

behind,

beside,

between.

49. Phonetic symbols and pronunciation (with audio)

2009-05-08T07:30:00.000-07:00

Consonants
p
pen, copy, happen
b
back, baby, job
t
tea, tight, button
d
day, ladder, odd
k
key, clock, school
g
get, giggle, ghost
tʃ
church, match, nature
dʒ
judge, age, soldier
f
fat, coffee, rough, photo
v
view, heavy, move
θ
thing, author, path
ð
this, other, smooth
s
soon, cease, sister
z
zero, music, roses, buzz
ʃ
ship, sure, national
ʒ
pleasure, vision
h
hot, whole, ahead
m
more, hammer, sum
n
nice, know, funny, sun
ŋ
ring, anger, thanks, sung
l
light, valley, feel
r
right, wrong, sorry, arrange
j
yet, use, beauty, few
w
wet, one, when, queen
ʔ
(glottal stop)department, football
Vowels
ɪ
kit, bid, hymn, minute
e
dress, bed, head, many
æ
trap, bad
ɒ
lot, odd, wash
ʌ
strut, mud, love, blood
ʊ
foot, good, put
iː
fleece, sea, machine
eɪ
face, day, break
aɪ
price, high, try
ɔɪ
choice, boy
uː
goose, two, blue, group
əʊ
goat, show, no
aʊ
mouth, now
ɪə
near, here, weary
eə
square. fair, various
ɑː
start, father
ɔː
thought, law, north, war
ʊə
poor, jury, cure
ɜː
nurse, stir, learn, refer
ə
about, common, standard
i
happy, radiate. glorious
u
thank you, influence, situation
n̩
suddenly, cotton
l̩
middle, metal
ˈ
(stress mark)

48h. IDIOMS

2009-05-08T07:04:00.000-07:00

IDIOMS

Saved By The Bell:
Saved at the last possible moment.

Scapegoat:
Someone else who takes the blame.

Scot-free:
To escape and not have to pay.

Sick As A Dog:
To be very sick (with the flu or a cold).

Sitting Shotgun:
Riding in the front passenger seat of a car.

Sixth Sense:
A paranormal sense that allows you to communicate with the dead.

Skid Row:
The rundown area of a city where the homeless and drug users live.

Smell A Rat:
To detect somone in the group is betraying the others.

Smell Something Fishy:
Detecting that something isn't right and there might be a reason for it.

Son of a Gun:
A scamp.

Southpaw:
Someone who is left-handed.

Spitting Image:
The exact likeness or kind.

Start From Scratch:
To do it all over again from the beginning.

PHRASAL VERBS

(to) give away: distribuir, repartir/regular/entregar/delatar, traicionar/revelar, descubrir.

(to) give back: devolver.

(to) give in: darse por vencido,-a, rendirse/ceder/entregar.

(to) give in to: ceder ante.

(to) give off: despedir, desprender, emitir.

(to) give onto: dar a.

(to) give out: distribuir, repartir/ anunciar/ acabarse, agotarse/ averiarse, sufrir una avería.

(to) give over: entregar/ dedicar, asignar/ dejar de.

(to) give up: dejar/ abandonar, renunciar a /ceder, renunciar/entregarse/ darse por vencido,-a, rendirse.

(to) give up on: abandonar, desistir.

48g. Vocabulary (use the google translate toolbar!)

2009-05-08T06:56:00.000-07:00

to oust (v)
to limp (v)
to root (v)
towering (adj)
to seize (v)
harsh (adj)
downturn (n)
to hark back to (v)
courageous (adj)
well-publicised (compoundADJ)
to trim or track (phrase)
stuff (n)
albeit (conj)
sanctimony (n)
foolishness (n)
bold (adj)
riches (n)
rum (adj)
to impoverish (v)
wholesome (adj)
lot (n)
somehow
ennobling (adj)
legacy (n)
to bemoan (v)
Rare Ould Times (phrase)
Celtic Tiger (phrase)
woes (n)
unbecoming (adj)

48f. IDIOMS

2009-05-07T00:02:00.000-07:00

IDIOMS

Raincheck: An offer or deal that is declined right now but willing to accept later.

Raining Cats and Dogs: A very loud and noisy rain storm.Ring a bell – something sounds familiar.

Rise and Shine: Time to get out of bed and get ready for work/school.

Rome Was Not Built In One Day: If you want something to be done properly, then its going to take time.

Rule Of Thumb: A rough estimate.

Run out of steam: To be completely out of energy.

PHRASAL VERBS

(to) get about: moverse, desplazarse, salir/ viajar/ difundirse.
(to) get across: cruzar/ atravesar/ hacer comprender, hacer entender/ hacerse entender.
(to) get ahead: adelantar, progresar.
(to) get along: arreglárselas, apañárselas/ marcharse, irse.
(to) get along with: llevarse (bien) con/ marchar, ir con.
(to) get around: moverse, desplazarse/ viajar/ difundirse/ evitar, sortear.
(to) get around to: encontrar tiempo para.
(to) get at: alcanzar, llegar a/ insinuar/ criticar/ meterse con.
(to) get away: escaparse, irse/ alejar, quitar, sacar.
(to) get away with: salir impune de.
(to) get back: volver, regresar/ moverse hacia atrás, retroceder/ recuperar.
(to) get behind: atrasarse.
(to) get by: arreglárselas/ pasar.
(to) get down: deprimir, desanimar/bajar/ apuntar, anotar/tragar/bajarse.
(to) get down to: ponerse a.
(to) get in: llegar/entrar/subir/ser elegido,-a/ meter/recoger, cosechar/ recoger/comprar/llamar.
(to) get into: llegar a, entrar en/ subir a.
(to) get off: quitarse/ bajarse de/ bajarse/ salir/ comenzar/ escaparse.
(to) get off with: ligar.
(to) get on: subir a, subirse a, montar a/progresar, avanzar, ir/tener éxito/ llevarse bien, avenirse, entenderse/ seguir, continuar/ hacerse mayor, envejecerse.
(to) get on for: ser casi.
(to) get on to: ponerse en contacto con, localizar/ empezar a hablar de, pasar a.
(to) get out: sacar/quitar/salir/bajar de, bajarse de/escapar(se)/llegar a saberse, hacerse público,-a.
(to) get out of: librarse de/ dejar, perder la costumbre.
(to) get over: recuperarse de/ sobreponerse a/ salvar/ vencer/ comunicar, hacer comprender.
(to) get over with: acabar con.
(to) get round: salvar/ evitar, soslayar/ convencer, persuader/ difundirse, hacerse público,-a, llegar a saber.
(to) get round to: encontrar tiempo para.
(to) get through: llegar/ conseguir hablar ((to, con))/ hacerse comprender ((to, a))/ acabar, terminar/ consumir/gastar/ beber/aprobar.
(to) get together: reunirse, juntarse/juntar, reunir/ montar/ recoger, reunir.
(to) get up: levantarse/ subir/ levantarse/despertar/ disfrazarse.

48e. Vocabulary (use the google translate toolbar!)

2009-05-06T23:56:00.000-07:00

flu jab
swine flu
would-be-aspirante
unnoticed
credit crunch
filth
hither and tither
wombs
store
deep-freeze
Kidderminster
stamp
straightforward
gender
pattern

48d. IDIOMS et al.

2009-05-06T23:48:00.000-07:00

IDIOMS

Water Under The Bridge: Anything from the past that isn't significant or important anymore.

Wear Your Heart On Your Sleeve: To openly and freely express your emotions.

When It Rains, It Pours: Since it rarely rains, when it does it will be a huge storm.

When Pigs Fly : Something that will never ever happen.

Wild and Woolly: Uncultured and without laws.

Wine and Dine: When somebody is treated to an expensive meal.

Without A Doubt: For certain.

Phrasal verbs

(to) eat away: roer, carcomer, corroer, desgastar.
(to) eat into: corroer, comerse.
(to) eat out: comer fuera, cenar fuera.
(to) eat up: comerse, consumir, tragar, devorar.
(to) egg on: animar, incitar.
(to) end in: acabar en, terminar con.
(to) end off: acabar, terminar, ir a parar.
(to) face up to: afrontar, enfrentar, enfrentarse a.
(to) fall about: troncharse, partirse (de risa).
(to) fall apart: romperse, deshacerse, caerse a pedazos.
(to) fall away: disminuir/desaparecer/desprenderse.
(to) fall back: retroceder, retirarse.
(to) fall back on to: recurrir a, echar mano de, apoyarse en.
(to) fall behind: retrasarse, quedarse atrás, rezagarse.
(to) fall behind with: retrasarse.
(to) fall down: caer, caerse/ hundirse, derrumbarse, venirse abajo/fallar/ dejarse engañar por, picar.
(to) fall in love: enamorarse de.
(to) fall in: desplomarse, venirse abajo/ alinearse, formar filas, ponerse en filas.
(to) fall in with: encontrarse con, juntarse con/convenir en, aprobar, aceptar
(to) fall into: dividirse en, clasificarse en/ adquirir.
(to) fall off: bajar, disminuir/ empeorar/ desprenderse, caerse.
(to) fall on: incidir en, recaer en, tocar a/atacar, caer sobre.
(to) fall out: reñir/ pelearse /romper filas/ caerse.
(to) fall over: caer, tropezar con/ caerse
(to) fall through: fracasar, quedar en nada.
(to) fall to: empezar a, ponerse a/ corresponder a, incumbir a, tocar a.
(to) fall under: clasificarse en, estar incluido,-a en.

48c. Vocabulary (use the google translate toolbar!)

2009-05-06T23:37:00.000-07:00

sacred - sagrado (adj)
slob-dejado (n)
tax breaks-concesiones de impuestos (n)
unashamed-que no tiene vergüenza (adj)
wince-hacer gesto de dolor (v)
trick question-pregunta de pega (n)
build-up-acumulación (compound noun)
pin-pinchar con alfileres (v)
high-fliers-ejecutivos importantes (compound noun)
fleet-footed-ágil (compound adjective)
youthfulness-vitalidad (n)
six-pack-tablete de chocolate (compound noun)
sheer-mero (adj)
mere-mero (adj)
gobble-engullir (v)
self-loathing-odio a uno mismo (compound noun)
gamely-deportivamente (adv)
spendthrift-derrochador (adj and noun)
doom-condenar (archaic verb)
glumly-lugubremente (adv)
intake-consumo (comidas) (n)
neglect-descuidar (v)
junkies-yonkis (n)
billboard-valla publicitaria (n)
!Vaya publicitaria!-What a great advertising executive! (phrase)

48b. Book & website recommendations are as follows:

2009-05-06T14:39:00.001-07:00

Emails & Letters that get better results.

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=emails+that+get+results

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=letters+that+get+results

---

World Without End - Ken Follet - about 12 € in FNAC

http://www.amazon.com/World-Without-End-Ken-Follett/dp/0525950079

---

Hilarious jokes in English

http://www.englishclub.com/esl-jokes/

---

New Disney film

http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/up/

---

48. Questions you may be asked in an interview.

2009-05-06T14:19:00.000-07:00

Do you prefer to work in a small, medium or large organisation?
Why do you want this job?
What qualities do you think this job requires?
Why do you want to work for this organisation?
What have you got to contribute?
What can we offer you that your previous organisation cannot offer?
How long have you been looking for a new job?
What do you know about this organisation?
What interests you about this organisation?
What are you looking for in a new job?
What would be your ideal job?
What sorts of jobs are you considering at the moment?
What did you do on a day to day basis?
What do you not like about the job?
How did you make a difference to your last organisation?
How successful are you?
What was your greatest success and how did you achieve it?
What has been your biggest failure?
How could you improve yourself?
How did you progress in your last job?
How do you handle criticism?
How do you work with others?
Do you need other people around to stimulate you?
Are you accepted into a team quickly?
Give me an example of when you took initiative to solve a problem?
What motivates you?
Are you competitive?
What problems did you encounter and how did you overcome them?
Do you feel you are ready to take on greater responsibilities?
What are you like under pressure?
How many hours are you prepared to work?
What are your career goals?
How did you get on with your last manager/colleagues?

47. Pronunciation Guide #1 (with audio)

2009-05-06T13:41:00.000-07:00

written / pronounced / example
1. “able” əbl comfortable
2. “ate” ət (n. & adj.) candidate
3. “ate” eɪt (verbs) translate
4. “ture” ʧə literature
5. “age” ɪʤ carriage
6. “tory” tri observatory
7. “tary” tri secretary
8. “ore” Ɔ: restore
9. “ow” əʊ borrow
10. “ey” eɪ obey
11. “y” i happy
12. “ious” ɪəs serious
13. “ous” əs monstrous
14. “or” ə conductor
15. “er” ə writer
16. “le” əl settle
17. “b” silent before debt
“t” & after “m” lamb
18. “ant” ənt relevant
19. “gh” f laugh
20. “gh” g ghastly
21. “igh” aɪ sigh
22. “ign” aɪn resign
23. “ment” mənt basement
24. “tion” ʃən translation
25. “a” æ cat
26. “a” eɪ face
27. “ar” a: start
28. “are” eə square
29. “a” a: father
30. “a” ɒ watch
31. “al” Ɔ: talk
32. “ar” Ɔ: warm
33. “a” ə about
34. “a” ɪ village
35. “ai” eɪ rain
36. “ai” eə fair
37. “ain” ən curtain
38. “au” Ɔ: author
39. “aw” Ɔ: law
40. “au” ɒ sausage
41. “c” k cat
42. “c” s nice
43. “c” ʃ ocean
44. “c” s central
45. “c” s cycle
46. “c” s city
47. “cae” si: Caesar
48. “c” ʃ special
49. “cc” k account
50. “cc” ks accept
51. “sc” s scent

46. Idiomatic uses of TENER and how we say them in ENGLISH

2009-05-06T03:08:00.000-07:00

tener diez años, to be ten years old: Zapatero tenía diez años en 2002.

tener calor, to be hot: Siempre tienes calor. (You're always hot.)

tener cariño, to be fond: Pablo tiene cariño a María. (Paul is fond of Mary.)

tener celos, to be jealous: Tengo celos a mi hermana. (I'm jealous of my sister.)

tener cuidado, to be careful: Espero que tengas cuidado con el libro. (I hope you're careful with
the book.)

no tener cuidado, to not worry: Quiero que no tengas cuidado. (I don't want you to worry.

tener la culpa, to be guilty or at fault: Mi padre digo que tengo la culpa. (My father said it's my fault.)

tener derecho, to have the right: Tengo derecho de votar. (I have the right to vote.)

tener éxito, to be successful: El jefe tiene un gran éxito. (The boss is very successful.)

tener frío, to be cold: Hace viento. Tengo frío. (It's windy. I'm cold.)

tener ganas de + infinitive, to be in the mood for, to feel like doing something: Tengo ganas de
comer una hamburguesa. (I feel like eating a hamburger.)

tener hambre, to be hungry: No ha comido. Tiene hambre. (He hasn't eaten. He's hungry.)

tener ilusión, to be enthusiastic: Tiene ilusión por viajar a California. (He's enthusiastic about traveling to California.)

tener miedo a + noun, to be afraid of: Mi hermana tiene miedo a los serpientes. (My sister is afraid of snakes.)

tener miedo de + infinitive, to be afraid of: Tiene miedo de nadar. (He's afraid of swimming.)

tener prisa, to be in a hurry: Tengo prisa. El teatro comienza a las ocho. (I'm in a hurry. The play begins at 8.)

tener razón, to be right: El cliente siempre tiene razón. (The customer is always right.)

tener sed, to be thirsty: He trabajado mucho. Tengo sed. (I've worked a lot. I'm thirsty.)

tener sueño, to be tired or sleepy: No has dormido. Tendrás sueño. (You haven't slept. You must be tired.)

tener suerte, to be lucky: Mi hijo ganó la lotería. Tiene mucha suerte. (My son won the lottery. He's very lucky.)

tener vergüenza, to be ashamed:Salí a la calle desnudo. Tengo mucha vergüenza. (I went out naked in the streets. I'm so ashamed.)

45. De cuales temas se trata generalmente un examen de eliminatoria

2009-05-06T03:03:00.001-07:00

1. Uses of future continuous
2. Collocations (adjective + noun)
3. Time expressions AS SOON AS
4. Noun + dependent prepositions
5. Idioms
6. Impersonal expressions + ”that…”
7. Time expressions THROUGHOUT
8. Collocations (verb + noun)
9. Phrasal verbs
10. Intensifiers
11. With “the” or without
12. Idiom
13. Phrasal verbs
14. Verbs with prefixes
15. Adjective + dependent prepositions
16. De haberlo sabido – Had I known
17. Present perfect continuous
18. Collocations (adjective + noun)
19. Collocations (set verbal phrase)
20. Phrasal verb
21. Separable phrasal verb
22. Locative preposition BY
23. Relative pronoun THAT
24. Contrasting WHILE
25. On her arrival/upon arriving/on arriving + SIMPLE PAST
26. Verbs – dependent preposition
27. How much + comparative adjective
28. Multiple choice of 4 verbs with similar connotations
29. Wild card verbs
30. Cleft sentences
31. Present continuous passive
32. Verbs + gerund
33. Cohesive device ALTHOUGH used to link two true fact
34. Simple past passive + adjective=they were made redundant
35. Adverbial discourse marker THEREFORE
36. Collocations (adjective + noun)
37. Intentional future by using present continuous
38. Reported speech
39. Some/any/no/every
40. Impersonal expressions + conjugated verb PAST + PAST PERFECT

44. A to Z of dependent prepositions

2009-05-06T02:58:00.001-07:00

abandon (...) to (sb)
abandon (os) to (sth)
abridgement of (sth)
in the absence of (..)
absent from
absolve (sb) from / of (sth)
(be) absorbed in (sth)
in accord with (...)
in accordance with (sth)
according to (...)
account for (sth)
account to (sb) for (sth)
on account of (...)
on no account (...)
accuse (sb) of (sth)
accustom (os) to (sth)
acquaint (sb) with (sth)
acquit (sb) of (sth)
add (sth) to (sth)
in addition
in addition to (sth)
adjust (os / sth) to (sth)
admit of (sth)
admit to (sth)
admit to (doing sth)
admit (...) into / to (sth)
in advance
in the afternoon
(be) afraid of (...)
(be) afraid of (doing sth)
(be) afraid to (do sth)
agree about / on (sth)
agree to (sth)
agree with (sb)
(be) agreeable to (sth)
aim (sth) at (...)
by airmail
(be) alive to (sth)
(be) alive with (sth)
allow for (...)
(be) aloof from (sth)
(be) angry at / about (sth)
(be) angry with (sb)
answer for (...)
antipathetic to (sth)
(be) anxious about (...)
(be) anxious for (sth)
(be) anxious to (do) (sth)
apologise for (sth)
apologise to (sb)
apply for (sth)
apply to (...)
(be) appreciative of
approve of (...)
in April
on April (7th)
(be) apt at (doing sth)
(be) apt to (do sth)
arm (os / sb) with (sth)
(be) under arrest
(be) arrested for (sth)
(be) arrested for (doing) (sth)
arrive at (school)
arrive at a conclusion
arrive in (Portugal)
(be) ashamed of (...)
ask about (sth)
ask (sb) about (sth)
ask (sb) for (sth)
associate with (sb)
assure (os / sb) of (sth)
attach (sth) to (sth)
(be) attached to (...)
(be) under attack
(pay) attention to (...)
for the attention of (sb)
(be) attentive to (...)
(be) averse to (sth)
(be) aware of (...)
(be) bad at (sth)
base (sth) on
(be) based in (place)
on the basis of
bear (...) out
bear the responsibility of
bear with (...)
(man) with a beard
(be) in bed
(lie) in bed
(get) into bed
(get) out of bed
(go) to bed
(sit) on the bed
in the belief that
believe in
belong to
(go) by bicycle
blame (sb) for (sth)
boast about / of (sth)
(go) by boat
borrow (sth) from (...)
bound by
bound for
out of bounds
a breach of the peace
burst into flames
burst into tears
burst out laughing
(go) by bus
(be) on business
(be) on call
(be) capable of (sth)
(be) capable of (doing sth)
(go) by car
care about (sth)
care for (sb)
(take) care of (sb)
in case
in most cases
in the case of
(be) cautious about / of (sth)
(be) celebrated for (sth)
by chance
change (sth) for (sth)
change (sb) into
change in / to (sth)
for a change
(be) characteristic of (...)
charge (...) for (sth)
free of charge
(be) in charge of
take charge of
charge (sb) with (sth)
at Christmas
on Christmas Day
on Christmas Eve
(be) clever at
close at hand
close by
close to (...)
collide with
comment on (sth)
(be) comparable to / with (...)
compare to / with (...)
(be) compatible with (...)
compete against (sb) for (sth)
compete with (sb) for (sth)
complain to (sb) about (...)
complain of (pain)
conceal (...) from (...)
concentrate on (sth)
concentrate on (doing sth)
in conclusion
condemn to (death)
(be) in no condition to
(be) conducive to (sth)
(be) confident of (sth)
(have) confidence in (...)
in confidence
confuse (sb) with (sb)
congratulate (sb) on
conjure (sth) up
consent to
age of consent
consist of
(be) consistent with (sth)
conspire with (sb) against (sb)
in contrast
in contrast to / with
corollary of / to (sth)
at all costs
at the cost of
count on
crash into
(go) on crutches
cure for
cure (sb) of
(cause) damage to (sth)
(be) damaging to (sth)
at dawn
from dawn to dusk
dawn on (sb) that
a good deal of (sth)
a great deal of (sth)
deal in (sth)
deal with (sb)
deal with (...)
in December
on December (7th)
deficient in (sth)
take delight in (sth)
take delight in (doing sth)
delight in (sth)
delight in (doing sth)
depend on
(be) dependent on
deprive (...) of (sth)
derive from (sth)
(be) in despair
in detail
(go) into detail(s)
to the detriment of
without detriment to
die away
die down
die for (...)
die of / from
differ from (sth)
differ from (sb) over (sth)
(be) different to / from (...)
(make) no difference to (sb)
(have) difficulty with (sth)
(have) difficulty in (doing) (sth)
(be) in difficulty
direct (sb) to
direct (sth) at / to (sb)
at a disadvantage
disagree with (sb)
(be) disappointed about (sth)
(be) disappointed at (sth)
(be) disappointed in / with (sb)
to (my) disappointment
discuss (sth) with (sb)
discussion about (sth)
displeased with (...)
displeasing to (...)
dispose of
distance (os) from (sth)
in the distance
divide (sth) into (two) (parts)
divide (sth) among (sb)
divide (sth) between (sb)
dream about / of (...)
dress in (yellow)
drink to (...)
drive at
drive into (sth)
drive on
due to
(be) dying for (sth)
(be) eager for (sth)
at Easter
effect of (sth)
in effect
(put) into effect
(have) an effect on (...)
(be) eligible for (sth)
(put) emphasis on (sth)
(be) at an end
at the end of (sth)
end to end
end up in
for hours on end
from end to end
in the end
on end
to no end
to this end
with this end in view
(be) engaged to (sb)
enrol for (sth)
(be) envious of (...)
(be) equal to (sth)
(be) equal to (doing) (sth)
(be) equivalent to (sth)
(the) equivalent of (sth)
(be) essential to / for
in the evening
in any event
in the event of
in the course of events
in evidence
example of
for example
with the exception of
exception to (sth)
exchange (sth) for (sth)
in exchange for
exclude (...) from (sth)
exclusive of (sth)
excuse (sb) for (sth)
excuse (sb) for (doing sth)
excuse (sb) from (doing sth)
make excuses for (sb)
(be) exempt from (sth)
exempt (sb) from
explain (sth) to (sb)
in fact
(be) familiar with (sth)
(be) on familiar terms with (sb)
(make) (os) familiar with (sth)
(be) famous for (sth)
in February
on February (7th)
focus on (sth)
focus (sth) on (sth)
(go) on foot
(be) free of / from (sth)
free of (charge)
on Friday
in front of
(be) full of (sth)
at full speed
in full
(be) furious at (sth)
(be) furious at (doing) (sth)
(be) furious with (sb)
in future
in the immediate future
in the near future
in general
glance at
(take) a glance at
(catch) a glimpse of (...)
at hand
(be) on hand
on the one hand
on the other hand
out of hand
in (sb's) honour
in honour of (sb)
(be) hopeless at (sth)
(be) in hospital
(be) in a hurry
the idea of (doing) (sth)
(speak) ill of (sb)
(think) ill of (sb)
(be) under the illusion that ...
immerse (os) in (sth)
immerse (sth) in (sth)
(have) an impact on (...)
impinge on / upon (sth)
impose on (sb)
impose (sth) on (sb)
improvement in (sth)
improvement on (sth)
(be) incapable of (doing) (sth)
(be) within an inch of (sth)
(be) within an inch of (doing) (sth)
increase in (sth)
(be) on the increase
independence from (...)
independent of (...)
(be) a bad influence on (sb)
(be) under the influence of (alcohol)
insist on (sth)
insist on (doing) (sth)
(have) an interest in (...)
(be) interested in (...)
(be) interested in (doing) (sth)
in January
on January (7th)
(be) jealous of
in June
on June (7th)
in July
on July (7th)
(be) keen on (...)
(be) keen on (doing) (sth)
(be) keen to (do) (sth)
for keeps
(be) kind to (sb)
a kind of
of a kind
(pay) in kind
(repay) in kind
knock at / on (the door)
know about (sth)
know by heart
know for certain
know of (...)
knowledge of (sth)
have no knowledge of (sth)
to (my) knowledge
not to (my) knowledge
come to (my) knowledge
known as
lack of (sth)
for lack of (sth)
(be) lacking in (sth)
laugh at (...)
laugh in (sb's) face
lead to (...)
(be) in the lead
link between (...) and (...)
listen to (...)
(be) on loan
(be) loath to (do) (sth)
long for (sth)
(be) at a loss
(sell) (sth) at a loss
love at first sight
(be) in love with (sb)
(fall) in love with (sb)
for the love of (sth)
at lunchtime
in March
on March (7th)
marriage to (sb)
(be) married to (sb)
in May
on May (7th)
by all means
by means of
by no means
by this means
(be) meant for (...)
in a large measure
make (sth) to measure
take measures to (do) (sth)
(make) (no) mention of (sth)
not to mention
without mentioning
bear in mind
to my mind
have in mind
call (sth) to mind
(be) in two minds about (sth)
keep (sth) in mind
at any moment
at the moment
for the moment
in a moment
on the spur of the moment
on Monday
(be) in a bad mood
(be) in a good mood
(be) in no mood for (sth)
(be) in the mood for (sth)
in the morning
in 1997
by name
(know) (sb) by the name of
(know) (sb) of the name of
in name only
in the name of (...)
under the name of
(be) in need of (sth)
(have) need of (sth)
in case of need
at night
by night
in the night
in November
on November (7th)
object to (sth)
object to (doing) (sth)
in October
on October (7th)
operate on (sb)
in (my) opinion
(be) opposed to (sth)
the opposite of
by order of
in order
in order to (do) (sth)
in order that
in the order of
made to order
of the order of
on order
out of order
to the order of
under the orders of (sb)
out of the ordinary
participate in
(be) patient with
pay by (cheque)
pay in advance
pay in full
pay to the order of
(have) (no) pity for (sb)
have / take pity on (sb)
(go) by plane
(be) pleased with (...)
in point of fact
(be) on the point of
(come) to the point
point of view
up to a certain point
(be) polite to (sb)
prevent (...) from (doing) (sth)
in private
prone to (sth)
prone to (do) (sth)
proof against (sth)
proof of (sth)
protect (...) against / from (...)
(be) a question of
beyond question
call (sth) into question
in question
out of the question
put a question to (sb)
without question
at any rate
at this / that rate
at a rate of
reaction to
by reason of
reason with
the reason for
within reason
relate to
(be) related to
(be) related to
resistance to (sth)
(have) respect for (...)
in respect of
in this respect
(have) respect for (...)
(show) respect for (...)
with all due respect
with respect to
worthy of respect
in some respects
(be) responsible for (...)
(be) responsible to (sb)
respond to (sth)
(be) responsive to (...)
result from (sth)
result in (sth)
result of (sth)
by return (of post)
in return (for)
in revenge for (sth)
out of revenge
take (one's) revenge on (sb)
(be) at risk
at one's own risk
(be) rude to (sb)
for sale
on sale
on Saturday
(be) at school
go to sea
put (out) to sea
search (...) for (...)
in search of (...)
in a sense
the sense of (sth)
(be) sensitive to (sth)
separate (...) from (...)
in September
on September (7th)
(be) in good shape
share (sth) (out) among (sb)
share (sth) (out) between (sb)
share (sth) with (sb)
make short work of (sth)
shout at (sb)
shout for (sb)
side by side
by the side of
from side to side
off-side
on all sides
at first sight
in sight
out of (my) sight
(know) (sb) by sight
smile at (...)
solution to (sth)
(be) sorry about (sth)
(be / feel) sorry for (sb)
source of (sth)
speak about / of (...)
speak to / with (sb)
specialise in
in spite of
on the spur of the moment
steer clear of (...)
at a stroke
a stroke of luck
on the stroke of (seven)
subject (os) to (sth)
subject (sb) to (sth)
(be) subjected to (sth)
succumb to (sth)
suffer from (sth)
on Sunday
take (...) by surprise
(be) surprised at (...)
survive on (sth)
(be) sympathetic to (sth)
(be) sympathetic to (sb)
sympathise with (sb)
in terms of
in theory
think about (...)
think of (...)
(be) in (his) (thirties)
at the thought of
throw (sth) at (sb)
throw (sth) to (sb)
on Thursday
(be) ahead of time
at a given time
at no time
at the same time
at times
from time to time
in no time
in time
on time
time and again
time after time
(be) tired of (sth)
(be) tired of (doing) (sth)
(go) by train
on Tuesday
from top to bottom
on top of
translate (sth) into (sth)
typical of (...)
come to an understanding
on the understanding that ...
(be) at variance with
at various times
for various reasons
of various kinds
(be) on the verge of (doing) (sth)
on the verge of war
in view of
with a view to (doing) (sth)
(be) vulnerable to (...)
be) at war
warn (sb) against (...)
warn (sb) against (doing) (sth)
on Wednesday
(speak) in a whisper
whisper (sth) to (sb)
(be) willing to (do) (sth)
(be) wont to (do) (sth)
by word of mouth
in a word
in other words
at work
(be) at work (on) (sth)
(be) out of work
make short work of (sth)
at Xmas
on Xmas Day
on Xmas Eve
(an) X-ray of (sth)
year after year
year in year out
all the year round
yell at (sb)
as yet
zero in on (sth)
zoom in on (...)
zoom past

43. Conversational topics you may be asked in an oral exam

2009-05-06T02:51:00.000-07:00

Personal introduction
personal particulars, ID (identity card), passport, driving licence
how you prove your identity (when do you need to prove it?)
permanent address, temporary address, marital status
personal code number (cp. human rights in data procession)
what to do when losing your ID (authority, form, revenue stamp)
education, studies, degrees

The family
relatives, relations; getting along with the members of the family; the ideal family image; describe somebody from your family (look + character & behaviour)
Look, appearance, character
figure, face, hair, eyes, (eye)brows, (eye)lashes, complexion, nose, mouth, etc.
behaviour, manner, temper

Picture description
in the middle/centre/foreground/background, on the left/right (hand side), to the left/right of ... , at the top/bottom, in the top/bottom left/right hand side corner, in front of, behind, beside, between,;

Special family occasions
birthdays, name days, anniversaries, funerals (?), Christmas, Easter
wedding, mother's day, family gathering, garden party, family festival;

Friends

"friends should be few and good" - do you agree?
"a friend in need is a friend indeed" - what's your opinion?
describe and characterize one of your friends
have you got your best friend? why is he/she different from others?
your favourite kinds of pastime with friends
can a close relative or member of the family be your friend?
friends at school/work and out of school/work - what's the difference?
friendship with your teacher(s)/boss(es)? - agree or disagree
friends in different periods of life
the question of loneliness

Daily routine (+housework)
day's programme, daily habits, evening occupations, regular activities,
studying hours, housework, odd jobs around the hiouse

Description of your home
describe the house/flat where you live - do you like it?
(dis)advantages of living in a flat or in a house
describe the people living there
facilities, comfort
+kinds of flats/houses, housing shortage

Home life (+housework)
family life at home - different members of the family sharing rooms or living separately/on their own - life in a students' hostel, digs/lodgings, bedsitter;
house rule, common room, dormitory, landlady, landlord;
daily routine at home, housework, quarrels in a family
staying at home or going out?

The neighbourhood, your village or town
describe the area where you live - do you like it?
(dis)advantages of living in a village or in a large city
describe the people living there
facilities, comfort, entertainment, possibilities of going out, work, school, making friends there - as opposed to other places

Traffic, public transport
giving directions, using a town map;
means of transport, kinds of tickets, fares; driving a car; the Highway Code
environmental pollution

Weather and seasons; climate
what's the weather like today? what's the forecast for tomorrow?
what's the outlook for the next few weeks?
compare weather in Britain and in your country; why the English always speak about weather; give examples for different kinds of weather/climate all around the Earth; the connection between weather and agriculture

weather/seasons and sports;
what's your favourite season? why? what do you do then?

Clothing
connection between weather and clothing;
everyday clothing (school/work/home) vs clothes for special occasions;
difference between men's and women's clothes;
describe a special set of clothes (worker/sportsman/infant/etc.);
what clothes do you like wearing? why?

Nature
what's the connection between man and nature?
the peace of nature vs life in a busy town;
quiet and pleasant places in nature;
the (wild) world of animals and plants;
describe your favourite plants and animals and their life;
different living creatures: mammals, birds, reptiles, insects;
beasts/birds of prey, apes, fish, trees, bushes, flowers;
describe an animal and a plant, tell about its environment;

Outings
do people need to go out?
what do we look for in nature?
observing plants and animals (cp. 'Nature')
describe a place where you like to go
what do you take going on an excursion?

Environmental protection
the green movement, pollution, industry, chemicals, traffic, smog;

the role of trees and other plants in nature, the disappearing rain forest; why do people cut down trees?
how green are you? how do you protect nature?

School life

the school you go to; why you chose this school; school atmosphere, friends, teachers, headmaster (appearance, character, their influence on you), the image of an ideal techer/student; school programmes, excursion, camps, parties; helping one another vs n
not caring for other people, indifference; school life vs holidays

Class, subjects
describe the classroom and the school building and its environment; speak about your classmates and teachers (characters and relations); subjects you study + what you learn, like, dislike;
your way of learning as compared with others'

Studying, extra lessons
how much/when/where you study; your success in studying; schoolwork, homework, extra work, evening classes, holiday courses; studying methods and tricks; taking exams, writing essays;
is studying fun for you?

Education, school types
cr飨e, nursery school, kindergarten, elementary/primary school, secondary school,
university faculties, departments, degree, postgraduation;
connection between education and finding a job

Career, working
your plans for the future, career ideas; can work be one's hobby?
act out a job interview; write your CV (curriculum vitae);
describe a worker or employee and his/her work and life;
occupation, job, profession,
different kinds of jobs and places of work with their advantages/disadvantages;

Food & Meals
different meals, different habits; laying the table; table manners;
special/occasional meals; your favourite food & how you make it;
cuisine in different countries; give a recipe; kitchen devices; different ways of cooking; shopping for food

Sports
indoor/outdoor sports & games
water sports, track and field events, technical sports
what's your favourite sport/game? why?
what sports do they do at the Olympic Games?
describe the rules of a game;
do sports, play games, training, coach, stadium, Olympic Games
indoor/outdoor sports, ball games, track and field events, water sports, winter sports, technical sports

Illnesses, accidents
illnesses and their symptoms; hospital, doctor's surgery; dentist
act out a dialogue at the doctor's/chemist's;
National Health Service, social insurance, sick leave, first aid, G.P. (general practitioner)
Healthy life
stress, tension, breathe fresh air, do exercises, sport, physical education, drug addiction, alcoholism, smoking, AIDS, balance of work and rest, healthy food;
natural therapeutics, preventive medicine

Hobbies
favourite pastime; connection between character and hobby;
men's/women's typical hobbies; do-it-yourself movement; clubs;
individual vs group activities; funny or strange hobbies;

are there people without hobbies?; do hobbies cause any damage

Books, newspapers, magazines
your favourite writer and his works; different styles in literature;
going to libraries; subscription to papers;
the role of the press in people's lives;
fiction vs non-fiction:
newspaper headlines, popular daily papers and magazines in Britain, quality papers

Films, videos, television, radio
going to the cinema; the usual cinema show in your country/Britain;
kinds of films; different TV and radio channels; cinema or TV??, (dis)advantages;
the influence of radio and TV on people's lives; borrowing videos;
buying or copying videos? - the question of copyright;
your favourite film star/actor/actress/director;

Music
is music art or just entertainment? what makes a piece of music good?
the relation between dance and music; music as a background activity;
different styles and branches; musicians, composers, orchestras;
musical instruments and the way you play/tune them; reading notes;
classical vs pop/rock music;

Theatre, concerts
theatre vs cinema, the atmosphere of the theatre, theatre/play description, stage management,
different kinds of drama, playwrights, genres;
Shakespeare and the English theatre

Going out
staying at home or going out? - argue for and against;
where you or other people usually go in your/their free time;
different kinds of entertainment out of home;
museums, exhibitions, cinemas, theatres, concerts, ballet, variety shows, clubs, zoo, leisure centre, amusement parks/centres, sports events, puppet shows, children's programmes, parties;
argument between children and parents about staying out late

Weekends
the difference between weekend and weekday activities;
having a rest or going out? - housework or family programmes?
relaxation vs useful kinds of pastime; extra work at weekends;
a typical weekend in England and in your country

Shops and things to buy
different kinds of shops; home delivery; off-season sales; bargaining;
small shop or supermarket/department store? - argue for or against;
act out a situation in a shop

Eating out
argue for or against eating in a restaurant, pub, caf鬠snack bar;
takeaway food: comfort at reasonable price; the (dis)advantage of fast food places and self-service; describe your favourite place to eat;
act out a situation in a restaurant; table manners; laying the table;

Various services (bank, post office, repair shop, etc)
act out situations in a bank, post office, laundrette, etc.

make a telephone call, post a letter; different kinds of mail;
the English Post Office;
the importance of having a bank account (if any)

Holidays
summer/winter holidays; frequented holiday places and activities;
preparation for a trip, cost estimate, decide on the route, decide what to take, pack;
passport, visa, (foreign) currency, travel insurance;
your favourite places/preferences

Tourism
why do people visit places of interest? what are they interested in?
describe a typical place for tourism and a typical tourist;
arrange a tour at a tourist office (cp. 'Holidays' & 'Travelling')

Travelling
means of transport and their (dis)advantages in travelling;
where and how you last travelled;
accommodation, hotel, camp site, guest house;
passport, visa, insurance; customs control/declaration;
tourist office, travel agency, book a trip, package tours;
route, places of interest, holiday areas;
situations at the airport/railway station/port; rent a car
(cp. 'Holidays' & 'Tourism')

Hotel
arrange your accommodation in a hotel; the importance of facilities and comfort;
hotel vs camp site or private accommodation; hotel categories, famous hotel chains;
act out a situation with a hotel guest complaining to the manager

Visiting your country
geography and history;
guide a tourist in your country, speak about sights and places of interest;
customs and traditions, folk art, music

Culture and civilization
culture: (1) refined understanding of art, literature, etc.; (2) state of intellectual development of a society; (3) particular form of intellectual expression e.g. in art or literature; (4) customs, arts, social institutions, etc. of a particular group o
of people; civilization: (1) becoming or making sy civilized; (2) (esp) advanced state of human development; culture and way of life of a people, nation or period regarded as a stage in the development of organized society
your idea of culture and civilisation; the way you understand art and literature, your favourite style(s); your understanding of history and society; being a member of society: role and responsibility; social behaviour; human rights and possibilities; cri
ime and punishment; stages in man's history and society; the future of mankind

Travelling in Britain or any English speaking country
the United Kingdom/USA: different countries/states and capital cities; parts of England/USA;
British customs, English vs Scottish/American manners;
places of interest in London/New York or any other city

The English language
the importance of learning languages;
why you like/dislike learning languages;
why you chose the English language; your results and experiences so far;
how/when/where you study (speaking, reading, listening, writing); your idea of the best way of studying a language and practising communication; other languages that you have learned;
British vs American English;
differences between English and your language

42. Inversion or auxiliary "do/did"after negative or emphatic introductions

2009-05-06T02:46:00.000-07:00

1 under no circumstances "must you" press this button
2 hardly "had he" arrived when he went for a coffee
3 not a soul "did we see" all day
5 no sooner "did he" start he said he had already finished
6 So quietly "did he speak" that I couldn't hear him
7 Not a single game "did they win" in ten years
8 such "is life"
9 only after speaking "did she realise" that she had bad breath
10 not only "did Harry" walk bare foot, but he didn't wear a shirt either.
11 never before "have I" seen such an ugly dog

41. Suffix word formation

2009-05-06T02:35:00.001-07:00

-able, -ible, -ble
adjectives

-age
nouns

-al
adjectives

-ance, -ancy,
nouns

-ant, -ent
nouns

-ation
nouns

-ee
nouns

-en
verbs

-ence, -ency,
nouns

-er
nouns

-ese
adjectives

-ess
nouns

-ful
adjectives

-hood
nouns

-ian
nouns

-ical
adjectives from nouns ending -y or -ics

-ify
verbs

-ish
adjectives
-ist
nouns
-ion
nouns

-ive
adjectives

-ize, -ise
verbs

-less
adjectives

-like
adjectives

-ly
adverbs

-ment
nouns

-ness
nouns

-ology
nouns

-or
nouns

-ous
adjectives

-ship
nouns

-wards
adverbs

-wise
adverbs

-y
adjectives

40. Temas nivel CAE

2009-05-06T02:21:00.000-07:00

1.2 Parts of speech - knowing which are: nouns/adjectives/adverbs/verbs
1.3 Tenses - all 16 active tenses and the 10 passive sentences
1.4 Dependent prepositions

2.1 Conditionals 0, 1, 2, 3
2.2 Despite/in spite of; although/but

3.1 Word order of phrasal verbs
3.2 Splitting phrasal verbs (separable – look up, inseparable – go down, dual – look up)

4.1 Prefixes – under / over
4.2 Examples of above

5.0 Correcting mistakes in a letter

6.0 Word formation.
- Adjectives to nouns. Verbs to adjectives. Nouns to adjectives. Verbs to nouns.
6.1 Examples of above.

7.0 Collocations
Consult a book
Undergo tests
Circulate details
Jot down the main points
Set yourself targets
Prove the point
Offer an explanation
Chew over a problem
Fail to produce
Report the findings

8.1 Parts of speech –Extra words which are used in Spanish but not used in English.
a). Preposition – personal “a”
b). Indefinite article before an uncountable noun “a/an”.
c). Definitive articles before abstract nouns “the”.
d). Definitive articles before concrete nouns in adverbial constructions.
- “At hospital, in church, at home, at school”
e). to enter not enter into
2.
1.2 Idioms and Metaphors
Snowed under
Foggiest idea
Stormy relationship
Beaming smile
Wave of protest
Inundate with presents
Rain of bullets
Frosty manner
Floods of tears
Be on cloud nine

2.0 Contrast links. While/whereas, although, in contrast, on the other hand, but, yet

3.0 Collocations
Hitch a lift
Bring to a standstill
Grab hold
Take advantage of
Slightest hint of a cold
Give a second thought
Vital role

6.0 Spelling rules

7.1 Causative have/get
- have/get something (PP) (by a 3rd party) I’ll get my hair cut.
- have/get something (PP) (by yourself) I’ll get this mess cleared up.
- have/get something (PP) (Undesirable act) I got my credit cards stolen.
- have/get something (PP) (Obligation) I must get my insurance renewed.
- have/get something (PP) (difficult to do) We got the decorating finished.
- have/get something (PP) (to indicate a planned action) He got himself elected.
- have/get something (PP) (in imperatives) Get this room cleared up!
7.2 Passive = formal effect / impersonal and not opinionated.
3.
2.0 No matter

3.1 Will vs. going to
3.2 Future time clauses flowed by present tense.
-until/when/by the time/before/if/after/while/as soon as/ once
3.4 Present simple vs. present continuous (simple truth/future/habitual/repetition/non-stative verbs)
3.5 Modal verbs
4.
1.0 Cause and Effect
-drawback/due to/lead to/contribute to/rate/bring about/consequence/cause/provoke/make
2.1 ING forms as substantives (the action of the verb)
2.2 Prepositions / conjunctions + ING
2.3 ING or infinitive
2.4 ING forms as established substantives
Showing, sighting, saying, setting, awakening, spelling, carving, hanging, following, fitting, airing, being. Hearing, recording, reading, shaving, building, diving, watering, parking, filling, paving, walking, fishing, sleeping, ironing, washing, drinking.
3.0 Verb formation from nouns and Adjectives
Large-enlarge
Smart-smarten
Custom-custom ise
Popular-popularise
Pure-purify
Danger-endanger
Cannibal-cannibalise
Horror-horrify
Long-lengthen
Clear-clarify
Less-lessen
Force-enforce
Terror-terrify
Height-heighten

4. Dependent Prepositions
Vulnerability to
Good at
Confide in
Mull over
Immerse oneself in
Focus on
Fall into
In the workplace
Effect on

5. Collocations
Spend time
Meet one’s needs
Modify behaviour
Provide facilities
Time to answer
Calm one’s mind
Give and receive
Organise one’s time
Attend regularly

6.2 Collocations
Blood pressure
Stomach ulcers
Stress overload
Minor ailments
Balanced meal
Sleepless nights
Nervous breakdown
Heart trouble
Harmful effects
5.
1.0 Cohesive devices
Although
When
Despite
As well as
During
Being that
Whereas
So
While
However
So as to
Owing to /due to

2.1 Past simple vs. Past continuous
2.2 Past perfect vs. Past perfect continuous

3.1 Phrasal verbs with “up”
Turn up
Brush up on
Drink up
Button up
Break up
Round up
Make up
Bring up
Look up
Speed up

3.2 More phrasal verbs
Pull up
Start up
Go through with
Look on to
Pull off
Rip off
Build up
Stub out
Pull over
Jump out of
Pull out
Drop off to
Shoot off
Take aback

3.3 More phrasal verbs
Go back on one’s word
Get away with
Live up to
Put up with
Look forward to
Give up on
Make away with
Look all over
Get on with
Get around to
Turn on
Switch on
Keep on
Keep up with
Put up with
Catch up with

4.0 Reference links
Such
Which
The aforementioned
That
This
The above
The latter
Another

7.0 Phrasal verbs
Pay up
Give up
Turned out
Sorted out
Make for
Stick to
Write off

8.0 Collocations
Give it a try
Shrug one’s shoulders
Go into hiding
Take out insurance
Be under way
Lead interesting lives
Life and soul
Forge peace
Hold one’s tongue
Put under pressure

6.
1.1 Relative pronouns
a).Relative pronouns can be omitted if they relate to the direct/indirect object of the verb.
EXAMPLE - OBJECT
“Who is that man” (that) Lisa is talking to?
-Lisa is talking to a man
b).Relative pronouns cannot be omitted if they relate to the subject of the verb (thus forming a relative clause).
EXAMPLE - SUBJECT
I’m calling about “the advert that appeared” in yesterday’s Evening Standard.
-The advert appeared in yesterday’s Evening Standard.

1.2 Relative Pronouns
Which/whose/what/when/who/where/that

1.3 Reduced relative clauses
MAIN VERB
The man called Max at the office
MAIN VERB
and asked him to meet him later that day.

This is not a reduced relative clause in fact it’s not a relative clause at all!

Versus

“WHO WAS CALLED”
The man called Max in the film
MAIN VERB
was played by Patrick Swayze.

This is a reduced relative clause and can be said: “The man called Max…” or “ The man who was called Max…”

2.0 Like, As, Alike
Alike = predicative adjective
Like = similar to
As = in the capacity of

3.2 Comparison “as…as” collocations
Pretty – picture
Weak -kitten
Fresh – daisy
Thin – rake
Stubborn – mule
Slippery – eel
Proud – peacock
Strong-ox
Dry-bone
Deaf-post
Flat-pancake
Blind-bat

4.0 Degrees of comparison
(used with gradable adjectives & nouns)
Slightly/nearly/much/far/about/
twice/as much as/more/less/
fewer/half/considerably/exactly
five times/as many as/a great deal/over

5.0 Even if vs. Even though

a) Even if – before hypothetical statements
b) Even though-before statements that are fact.

7.0 Emphasisers
Absolutely/completely/totally
/very/extremely

7.
1.1 Used to vs. get used to

1.2 Past simple vs. present perfect

1.3 Present perfect vs. present perfect continuous
1.4 Stative vs. dynamic verbs
STATIVES
love
hate
like
see
hear
sound
think (meaning "have an opinion")
mind (meaning "care about")
recognize
seem
have (meaning "own")
prefer
doubt
consist of
mean

2.3 Metaphors and idioms
Hard-headed
Hard luck
Hard up
Hard nut
Hard cash
Hard hearted

2.4 Collocations
Wink eyes
Snap fingers
Nod head
Shrug shoulders
Flutter eyelashes
Twiddle thumbs
Pick nose
Clench fists
Pout lips
Clap hands

2.5 Word formation
Useless
Usable
Used
Useful
Users

2.6 Pronunciation & stress
Buoy
wrestling
Knick-knack
Comb
Sword
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Difficulty
Calculator
Original

3.0 Reported speech
‘I will do it next week’.
He said he would do it next week.

4.0 Expressions with “make”
How much does he make?(€)
What time do you make it?(hora)
Does he make a good boss?(is)
I can’t make this evening(come)
What do you make it? (sum)
Do you think we can make it?(achieve it)

6.0 Age
Elderly
Toddler
Middle-aged
Teenager
In your seventies
Protégé
Infant
Mid-thirties
Forty-odd
Pensioner
8.
1.0 Compound adjectives
Empty-headed
Big-headed
Broad-minded
Thin-skinned
Tight-fisted
Level-headed
Short-tempered

2.0 The…the comparatives
The hotter the curry, the better likes it.
The more interesting the book, the more likely I am to finish it.

3.0 Phrasal verbs
Face up to
Pick out
Tune in
Work out
Fall back on
Tick off
Put down
Eke out
Steer away from
Fight out

4.0 Passive
9.
1.0 Inversion or “do/did” after negative introductions
Under no circumstances must you press this button.
Hardly had she stubbed out the cigarette when she lit another.
Not a soul did we saw all day.
No sooner did I put the phone down it rang again.
So quietly…
Such…
Only after…
Not only…
Never before…

3.1 Collocations
Take oneself seriously
Break a promise
Plan to stage
Put down to experience
Crack jokes
Do someone good
Raise an interesting point
Offer an explanation
Put someone at their ease
Bring up to date
Give priority
Pay a compliment
Make an excuse
Make a move

3.2 Collocations
Welcome warmly
Laugh uproariously
Deny categorically
Regret deeply
Apologise profusely
Complain bitterly
Agree whole-heartedly
Bitterly regret *
Congratulate warmly
Flatly refuse*

3.3 Collocations
Prior engagement
Kind invitation
Unkind remark
Distant relative
Warm welcome
Wedding reception
Social climber
Fond farewell
Firm handshake
Sunny smile
Family get-together
Close friend
Relaxed atmosphere
Candle-lit dinner

4.1 Opposite prefixes
Dis/il/im//in/ir/mis/non/un
10.
1.1 ING or infinitive

1.2 Cleft sentences or preparatory “it”

No, it’s onions I’m allergic to.
The country we went to was Turkey.
Not very, it’s job satisfaction I’m looking for.
The reason he went away was because he had problems.
The man I saw was much taller.
It was the Dutch who first settled New York.
Was it Shakespeare who wrote Hamlet?

2.0 Collocations do/make/have/get
Make a fuss
Have a party
Make a commitment
Have an argument
Get engaged to
Do ironing
Get one’s way
Have a cry
Make sense
Do one’s share

3.0 Phrasal verbs
Break off
Fall out
Make up
Split up
Cheat on
Ask out
Stood up
Get over
Goes for
Go off

4.0 Dependent Prepositions
At the prospect of
In one’s field
Insist on
Regardless of
Concerned with
Attitude towards people
Comfortable with
Drop in status
Difference between
Complain about

7.0 Word Formation
Noun/verb/adjective/adverb
Research
Limit
Produce
Act
Enjoy
House
Predict
Emotion
Primary

8.0 Relationships
Lonely-hearts
Agony aunt
Bride and groom
Reception
Honeymoon
Confirmed bachelor
Old flame
Widow /widower
Spouse
Heart-throb

39. Infinitive (after certain verbs) vs. Gerund (after certain verbs)

2009-05-06T02:08:00.000-07:00

Infinitives are usually used after the following verbs when the main subject in the sentence wants the object (who is another living being) to do something. The main subject has an OBJECTIVE. The six main examaples of these verbs are: WANT/ASK/NEED/TELL/ADVISE/DEMAND - these make up the mnemonic "WANTAD".

I want him "to leave".
I want the dog "to drink".

Sub+verb+direct pronoun/noun+infinitive.
*
Gerunds are usually used after the following verbs when the main subject has no clear objective.

I imagine him "going". (It is not my objective for him to go anywhere)
I consider him "reading" the document. (But it is not my objective for him to read it)

Sub+verb+directr pronoun/noun+gerund.

38. Infinitive usage after certain verbs

2009-05-06T02:07:00.002-07:00

I can afford to go
I agree to join them
He appears to like me
I agree for them to join me
I arrange for the document to be sent
I arrange for them to send it
I ask to leave
I ask for them to leave
I ask them to leave
I begin to study Japanese
I can’t bear to wait
I can’t bear them to look at me
I can’t stand to watch them
He can’t wait to go
We can’t wait for them to act
We don’t care to see it
She chanced to hop on the bus
I chose to go to the disco
We claimed to have been conned
They came to visit a friend
He consented to go
He consented to me to go
We continue to go
She dared me to try it
I dare to try it
You decided to go
I decided for them to go
You deserve to be punished
I determined to leave
You elected to do it
You elected them to lead the country
We endeavor to do our best
We expect to receive it soon
We expect them to come
I fail to understand
I get to go first
I get them to go first
We’ve grown up to know right and wrong
They guaranteed us to be there at one
I hate to cook on Saturdays
I hate them to see me on a bus
I hesitated to go into the room
We hope to hear from you
She hurried to come
They hurried me to come
He intends to see her
We learnt to treat people with respect
I like to eat Chinese food
I like her to eat Chinese food
You long to be a pop star
She managed to make a cake
I meant to come
I needed to leave early
She needed me to help her
We offered to help her
We pay to enter
You pay them to enter
I plan to go on holiday
You prefer to drink Pepsi
My wife prefers me to drink Shandy
Pablo prepares to jump out of a plane
My butler prepares me for dinner
She pretends not to know
Godfrey professes to know
Sylvia promises to leave early
Sebastian promises her to pick her up earlier
We proved him to be the robber
We refuse to eat Indian food
She refuses her son to go on an excursion
I request to have the exams marked again
We request them to have a recount
We resolved to start the meeting later
She said to go down the corridor
You seek to find the best opportunities
It seems to be fine weather today
“I shudder to think” (set phrase)
I start to ignore the unemployment rate
We all strive to do our best
I swear to go to school every day
You tend not to listen
They threaten to tell the boss
I threaten them with telling the boss
It turned out to be a nice day
She ventures to tackle the problem
He volunteers to go to Africa
I want to leave
I want you to study
I wish to try it
I would like to take a driving test
They would like me to be quiet
We yearn to be understood by our peers
She advises me to take off Friday
We advise them to wear turbans
He told me to go away
You told them to kneed the dough
I demand to know what’s going on
She demands him to answer the question

37. Gerund usage after certain verbs

2009-05-06T02:07:00.001-07:00

I admit liking Michael Jackson
I admit them liking MJ
I admit that they like MJ
She appreciates listening to music
She appreciates you helping her
I avoid going to court
I burst out laughing
I consider cooking
I consider them cooking
I contemplate eating lizards
I contemplate Pedro eating pasta
I delay going to the airport
I delay them from going
I detest waiting for a bus (generally)
I detest them looking at me (generally)
I dislike waiting for a bus (generally)
I dislike them looking at me (generally)
I endure going to the dentist
I endure him speaking to me for hours
I enjoy waiting for a bus (generally)
I enjoy them looking at me (generally)
I end up reading the leaflets
I escape going to choir practice
I face driving ten hours
I fancy watching a film
I feel like drinking a litre of Tequila
I finish by singing a song
I finish off working and go out
I forgive her for making a noise
I can’t help falling in love (Elvis song)
I imagine being on a desert island
I imagine them speaking with no volume
I keep on pestering him
I left off singing
Leave off! (imperative – déjalo ya!)
I like eating razor clams
I like them eating mud
I love walking in the Retiro
I love them making ice-cream
I mention travelling to America
I don’t mind waiting
I don’t mind them smoking if they sit on the wing
I postponed leaving early
I practiced playing the piano
I put off celebrating the anniversary
I resent having to do all the work
I resist nibbling on the cake
I risk going on the bike without a helmet
I can’t stand waiting in a queue (generally)
I suggested coming to work nude so they sacked me
I stopped smoking when somebody threw water over me
I understand living in another country is difficult
I hate washing up in a wet suit
I gave up smoking 80 cigarettes a day and then bought an aqua-lung.

36. More important words...

2009-05-06T02:02:00.000-07:00

These words do not have the translation in Spanish because I expect that you should know them all by now. :-)

for
and
nor
but
or
yet
so
both...and
not only...but also
either...or
neither...nor
whether...or
after
because
although
if
before
since
though
unless
when
now that
even though
only if
while
as
whereas
whether or not
since
in order that
while
even if
until
so
in case

35. All 26 verb tenses in context

2009-05-06T01:56:00.000-07:00

16 active tenses & 10 passive tenses.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++

I admit two party-goers on Thursday nights
active
present
simple
*
Two party-goers are admitted by me on Thursday nights.
passive
present
simple
*
I credited my account yesterday
active
past
simple
*
My account was credited by me yesterday
passive
past
simple
*
They will entertain you some time in the future
active
future
simple
*
You will be entertained by them some time in the future
passive
future
simple
*
She would greet the guests now if she were dressed
active
conditional
simple
*
The guests would be greeted by her now if she were dressed.
passive
conditional
simple
*
I am inventing something right now
active
present
continuous
*
Something is being invented by me right now.
passive
present
continuous
*
She was kneeding the dough yesterday between approx. 7pm - 8pm.
active
past
continuous
*
The dough was being kneeded by her yesterday between approx. 7pm - 8pm.
passive
past
continuous
*
I will be managing the business tomorrow between approx. 7pm - 8pm
active
future
continuous
*
They would be negotiating the price now if the clients were interested
active
conditional
continuous
*
You have opted for this course (just now / very recently.)
active
present
perfect
*
The course has been opted for by you (just now / very recently.)
passive
present
perfect
*
He had quenched his thirst before he went to the exam
active
past
perfect
*
His thirst had been quenched by him before he went to the exam
passive
past
perfect
*
He will have surprised his colleagues by Friday next week
active
future
perfect
*
His colleagues will have been surprised by him by Friday next week
passive
future
perfect
*
I would have used the washing machine last week if I had brought coins
active
conditional
perfect
*
The washing machine would have been used by me last week if I had brought coins
passive
conditional
perfect
*
She has been complaining since last week and is still complaining now.
active
present
perfect continuous
*
She had been complaining since last year but stopped last week.
active
past
perfect continuous
*
He will have been teaching for ten years next August and will continue to teach
active
future
perfect continuous
*
He would have been teaching for ten years next August if he hadn't changed job
active
conditional
perfect continuous

34. Important words

2009-05-06T01:52:00.000-07:00

Legend
------- = verbal phrase or noun
NB. When the verb "is" is used any other copulative is also valid eg. appears, seems, looks etc.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

en vista de
In view of -----------------, ------------------.

*
debido a
Due to------------------,---------------------.
---------------due to ------------------- .

*
el hecho de que
The fact that --------------"VERB that" --------------------.

*
es que
It's because -----------------that ----------------------.

*
puesto que
Being that-----------------,-----------------.

*
ya que
Being that------------------,-----------------.

*
así que
--------------------so------------------.

*
de modo que
--------------------so------------------.
So "that"--------------,----------------------.

para que
So----------------,---------------.
---------------so-----------------.
*
entonces
--------------------so------------------.

*
luego
----------------therefore--------------.

*
por lo tanto
Therefore------------------.
---------------therefore--------------.

*
de ahí que
-------------thus-------------.
Thus---------------.

*
con tal de que
Providing/provided that------------,----------------.
---------------providing/provided that--------------.

*
siempre que
As long as--------------,---------------.
-----------------as long as--------------.

*
mientras
While----------------,-----------------.
----------------while--------------- .

*
a menos que
Unless--------------,-------------.
----------unless---------.

*
a no ser que
Unless--------------,--------------.
---------------------unless---------------.

*
con vistas a
With a view to----------------,-----------------.

según
According to--------------,---------------.
-------------------according to---------------.

*
según
------------------as----------------.

*
como si
--------------as if--------------.

*
ni que
It's not as if------------------------.
-------------it's not as if------------------.
*
entretanto
Meanwhile--------------------------.

*
mientras tanto
Meanwhile--------------------------.

*
a medida que
While-------------,--------------------.
------------------while-----------------.

*
mientras que
While--------------------,-----------------------.
------------------while--------------------.

*
cada vez más
--------------more and more.
--------------more and more + ADJ.

*
cada vez menos
---------------less and less.
---------------less and less + ADJ.

*
a lo mejor
Perhaps--------------------?
------------------, perhaps?

*
tal vez
maybe--------------------.
---------------------, maybe.

*
en cambio
On the other hand----------------------.

*
sin embargo
However--------------------------.
--------------------, however. (more stylistic)

*
no…sino
I'm/it's (etc) not--------------but-----------------------.

*
no…antes bien
I'm/it's not----------------------but on the contrary, I'm/it's-----------------.

*
ahora bien
However-----------------------------.
------------------------, however. (more stylistic)

*
así y todo
Even so---------------------------------.

*
aun así
Even so---------------------------------.

*
aunque
Even though-----------------,---------------------.
--------------------even though-------------------.

aunque + subjunct.
Even if--------------------,------------------------.
--------------------even if-------------------------.

a pesar de
In spite of-----------------,-----------------------.
----------------------in spite of-------------------.

*
pese a
Despite------------------,------------------------.
---------------------------despite----------------.

*
por más que + verb
However much + verb,---------------------------.
------------------, however much + verb.

*
por mucho que + verb
However much + verb,---------------------------.
-----------------------, however much + verb.

*
por muy + adj + que
however + adj "it is",------------------.
----------------------, however + adj "it is".

*
mas rojo que
-----------"is" redder than----------------.

*
más féliz que
-----------"is" happier than----------------.

*
menos féliz que
----------------"is " less happy than-----------.

*
más importante que
--------------"is" more important than---------.

*
menos importante que
------------"is" less importatant than-------------.

*
el mismo…que
"I'm/it's the" same--------------as----------------.

*
Ni hablar!
Don't even think about it!

*
por supuesto
Of course.

*
en punto
on the dot

*
a eso de las 2.
around 2ish

*
hace años
Years ago,-----------------.
----- years ago.

*
aún- still
I still go.
I am still going.
I have still gone.

*
aun - yet
I haven't gone, yet.( "yet" va al final )
*

pero-yet (same as "but still" - pero todavía)
Yet I don't know the answer.

*
todavía
I still go.
I am still going.
I have still gone

*
en aquel entonces
Around then--------------------.
---------------------around then.
or
Back then--------------------.
---------------------back then.

*
en aquella época
During that time----------------------.
---------------------during that time.

*
de aquí a
From now until---------------,------------------.

*
demasiado
-----------too much.

*
mucho
-------------a lot.

*
tan alto como
...."is " as tall as--------------.

tanto como
----------- "is "just like---------------.

*
tanto alto como guapo
------- "is" both tall and handsome.

además
Besides-------------,----------------.

*
asimismo
Likewise--------------------------.

*
es más
Furthermore,-----------------------.

*
más aún
Further still,-----------------------.

*
acabar + gerund
to end up + gerund

acabar de + inf.
to have just + pp

dejar de + inf
to stop + gerund

haber de
must

haber que
one must (impersonal)

32. THE KNOWLEDGE

2007-10-23T04:07:00.000-07:00

Don't forget to ask for the book THE KNOWLEDGE - a step-by-step guide to learning English through translation.

33. BIENVENIDOS

2007-10-12T13:16:00.000-07:00

Ofrezco los servicios siguientes

Clases a domicilio.
Clases de inglés por teléfono (Skype).

If you download the "Barra Google" you can use the "traducir" option so when you put the arrow over the word it appears in Spanish.

http://toolbar.google.com/T4/intl/es/

Dictionary: http://www.wordreference.com/es/

English monolingual: http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/

Debates: http://www.idebate.org/debatabase/theme.php?dbTheme=11

BBC News channel: http://atdhe.net/watchtv4.php?b=n

BBC radio: http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/local_radio/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/york/hi/tv_and_radio/

Cambridge exams: http://www.cambridgeesol.org/exams/index.html

TED (Talks and seminars): http://www.ted.com/

Economist: http://www.economist.com/printedition/

British history: http://www.britannia.com/

Documentaries: http://www.onlinedocumentaries4u.com/

British accents: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kn3_bYcAnWI

Saludos.
Nigel Matthew Boothroyd Profesor de inglés

617 189 196 / 917 66 24 34

mboothroyd@orange.es

Recuperando clases>

32. Las cosas que se olvida

2007-10-10T14:04:00.000-07:00

	I go by…	I drive a..	I ride a…	I am on the..	I am in the…
bicyle	x		x
car	x	x			x
bus	x	( x )		x
train	x
plane	x			x
coach	x	( x )		x
ferry	x			x
motorbike	x		x


	in	at	during	on
the morning	x		x
lunchtime		x	x
the evening	x		x
tomorrow			x
next week			x
this Monday
Monday				x
Mondays				x
this afternoon
the summer	x		x
25th October				x
12:30am		x
Midday		x
Midnight		x
Today
the weekend		x	x
next Thursday
this year			x
April	x		x
evening dinner		x	x
seven days time	x
a fortnight	x
ten days time	x

31. Conectores (Linking Words)

2007-10-10T14:01:00.000-07:00

HOWEVER
although
despite
nonetheless
though
at the same time

ALSO
in addition
furthermore
besides
similarly
as well as

FOR EXAMPLE
namely
for instance
such as
including
in particular

ON THE OTHER HAND
alternatively
on the contrary
in comparison
although
rather

IN OTHER WORDS
in view of this
to look at this another way
rather
in that case
with this in mind

NEXT
additionally
also
another
firstly
secondly
thirdly
finally

THEREFORE
it can be seen
as a result
so
then
because of this

IN CONCLUSION
on the whole
to sum up
overall
thus
to summarise

30. Recuperando Clases

2007-09-27T02:34:00.000-07:00

Recuperando Clases

Sucede que excepcionalmente el Alumno no puede asistir a una clase por motivos ajenos a su voluntad. Para esas ocasiones ofrezco la posibilidad de recuperar la clase en otro horario conveniente al Alumno y Profesor. En caso de que no resulte posible recuperarla un día de la misma semana, se encuentra el horario disponible de la semana siguiente. Propongo los “huecos” por adelantado y cuento con la palabra de mis Clientes. Si, por ejemplo, un Alumno tiene que estar un tiempo considerable fuera de Madrid y una clase se cancela, precisa un aviso previo con mínimo de una semana de antelación. De otra manera, la clase viene pagada. Espero que la flexibilidad y comprensión mutuas aporten al proceso fluido de enseñanza/aprendizaje.

29. Making Question Forms

2007-04-08T12:23:00.000-07:00

Normal Questions

EXAMPLES WITH SIMPLE TENSES

(USE DO/DON'T & DOES/DOESN'T - FOR Qs and Negatives in the PRESENT)

(USE DID/DIDN'T) - FOR Qs and Negatives in the PAST)

Positive

Does the sun rises in the east?
(Use "does" - 3rd person)

Negative

Don't you like paella?
(Use "do" - 1st person)

Tag Questions

Positive

The sun rises in the east, doesn't it?
+ , -?

Negative

You don't like paella, do you?
- , +?

_________________________________

EXAMPLES WITH MODAL VERBS (USE INVERSIÓN)

Positive
Is he going to the supermarket?

Reverse positive order/with “?”

Negative
Isn’t he going to the supermarket?

Reverse negative order (contracted always)/with “?”

Tag Questions

+ / -
He is going to supermarket, isn’t he?

Positive/reverse order negative/with “?”

- / +
He isn’t going to the supermarket, is he?

Negative/reverse order positive/with “?”

QUESTIONS

¿Yo voy al aeropuerto? (simple)
¿Tú no fuiste al aeropuerto? (simple)
¿Él irá al aeropuerto, verdad? (modal)
¿Ella no iría al aeropuerto, verdad? (modal)
¿Usted está yendo al aeropuerto? (modal)
¿Nosotros no estuvimos/estabamos yendo al aeropuerto? (modal)
¿Vosotros estareis yendo al aeropuerto, verdad? (modal)
¿Ell@s no estarían yendo al aeropuerto, verdad? (modal)
¿Yo he ido al aeropuerto? (modal)
¿Tú no habías ido al aeropuerto? (modal)
¿Él habrá ido al aeropuerto, verdad? (modal)
¿Ella no habría ido al aeropuerto, verdad? (modal)
¿Usted ha estado yendo al aeropuerto? (modal)
¿Nosotros no habíamos estado yendo al aeropuerto? (modal)
¿Vosotros no habreis estado yendo al aeropuerto, verdad? (modal)
¿Ell@s no habrían estado yendo al aeropuerto, verdad? (modal)

28. Adjectival Word Order Before A Noun.

2007-04-08T09:07:00.000-07:00

QUANTITY

COLOUR

QUALITY
OPINION
MATERIAL
PURPOSE

ORIGIN

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

27. Verbs that take the ’–ing’ form after them

2007-04-08T09:02:00.000-07:00

In same subject – sub + verb (below) +ing form (of other verb)
In two subjects – sub + verb (below)+direct object+ing form (of other verb)

*A veces cuando hay dos sujetos no funciona bien, funciona mejor con una cláusula usando ‘that..’ Iremos conociéndolos y sabiendo cuando se ponga ‘that’ o la forma ‘ing.’

Examples:

I admit knowing that he is rather skilful in his job.
He avoids speaking to her because she bores him to death.
We put off going for a jog because I only had one leg.

Admit
Appreciate
Avoid
Burst
Consider
Contemplate
Delay
Detest
Dislike
Endure
Enjoy
Escape
Excuse
Face
Fancy
Feel like
Finish
Forgive
(Can’t) help
imagine
involve
keep on
leave off
mention
mind
postpone
practise
put off
resent
resist
risk
(Can’t) stand
suggest
understand
Hate
Give up

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

26. Adjectives, Comparatives and Superlatives

2007-04-08T08:56:00.000-07:00

ADJECTIVES, COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

IRREGULAR

GOOD - BETTER - THE BEST
BAD - WORSE - THE WORST
ILL - WORSE - DEAD?
FAR - FARTHER/FURTHER - THE FARTHEST/FURTHEST
N/A - MORE - THE MOST
N/A - LESS - THE LEAST

Traducido al español...

BUENO - MEJOR - EL MEJOR
MAL - PEOR - EL PEOR
ENFERMO - PEOR - MUERTO
LEJOS - MÁS LEJOS - EL MÁS LEJOS
N/A - MÁS - LO MÁS
N/A - MENOS - LO MENOS

ONE SYLLABLE OR WITH ONE SYLLABLE PLUS A FINAL ‘Y’

OLD - OLDER - THE OLDEST
RED - REDDER - THE REDDEST
TOUGH - TOUGHER - THE TOUGHEST
HAPPY - HAPPIER - THE HAPPIEST

TWO SYLLABLES WITH A STRESSED 1ST SYLLABLE (2 FORMS EXIST)

NARROW - NARROWER - THE NARROWEST
NARROW - MORE NARROW - THE MOST NARROW

THREE SYLABLES

INTELLIGENT - MORE INTELLIGENT - THE MOST INTELLIGENT
BEAUTIFUL - MORE BEAUTIFUL - THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
SUCCESSFUL - MORE SUCCESSFL - THE MOST SUCCESSFUL

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

25. Brief Overview - Spanish Subjunctive Translated Into English

2007-04-08T08:29:00.000-07:00

Here are a few examples below of some verbs which take subordinate verbs.

Want querer (que) + subjunctive
Ask pedir (que) + subjunctive
Need necesitar (que) + subjunctive
Tell decir (que) + subjunctive
Advise aconsejar (que) + subjunctive
Demand exigir (que) + subjunctive

Sentences with two different subjects where the first subject
has one of the verbs above followed by ‘que’.

*Los verbos de arriba sólo son un ejemplo, hay muchos más. Irás reconociéndolos durante tus lecturas, clases, y la vida en inglés hablado. La técnia mnemónica es que todas las primeras letras de los seis verbos deletrean WANTAD.

(Spanish) Subjunctive = (English) direct object + infinitive (with ‘to’).
When there are two subjects only the first on changes into the corresponding tense.
This must not, however, be confused with the imperative forms which also use the same subjunctives in Spanish, but for different aspects of the language in English.

Present

Quiero que vengan a verme. I want them to come to see me.
Pídele[1] que compre este coche. Ask him to buy this car.
Ella necesita que él le dé dinero. She needs him to give her money.
Él les dice que limpien el suelo. He tells them to clean the floor.
Ellos me aconsejan que vaya con él. They advise me to go with him.
Exijo que me corten el pelo. I demand them to cut my[2] hair.

Past

Quisieron que les dijese la verdad. They wanted them to tell them the truth.
Pidió ella que le den un acenso. She asked them to promote her.
Necesitaste que establecieran un buen plan. You needed them to establish a good plan.
Le dije a él que parara el autobús. I told him to stop the bus.
Les aconsejo que bajasen el vólumen. I advised them to lower the volume.

Exigí que tú me subieras el sueldo. I demanded you to raise my salary.

[1] Imperative
[2] Just the posssesive used in English and not the direct object and definitive article.

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

24. Some / Any

2007-04-08T08:27:00.000-07:00

‘Some’ es para frases en el afirmativo.

There are some dogs over there. Hay algunos perros allí.
Look, there are some papers on the floor. Mira, hay unos papeles en el suelo.

‘Any’ es para frases en el negativo o en forma de interrogación.

Are there any cans of beer in the fridge? ¿Hay algunas latas de cerveza en el refrigerador?

Are there any extra tables? ¿Hay algunas mesas extras?

There aren’t any flowers in the park. No hay flores en el parque.

There aren’t any knives and forks on the table. No hay cuchillos y tenedores en la mesa.

There is / there are – Hay (singular), Hay (plural)

Hay un lápiz sobre la mesa. There is a pencil on the table.
Hay unos gatos en el techo. There are some cats on the roof.

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

23. The Three Conditionals

2007-04-08T08:26:00.000-07:00

1st. Si envío el fax, lo recibirás Present + Future
If I send the fax, you will receive it.

2nd. Si enviase/enviara el fax, lo recibirías. Past + Conditional
If I sent the fax, you would receive it.

3rd. Si hubiese/hubiera enviado el fax, lo habrías recibido. Past Perfect + Cond. Perfect
If I had sent the fax, you would have received it.

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

22. Adverbial Particles

2007-04-08T08:25:00.001-07:00

ADVERBIAL PARTICLES (ACOMPAÑAN VERBOS DE MOCIÓN O VERBOS CON UNA O MÁS PARTÍCULAS – PHRASAL VERBS)

1. ABOVE
2. ABOUT
3. ACROSS
4. AHEAD
5. ALONG
6. AROUND
7. ROUND
8. ASIDE
9. AWAY
10. BACK
11. BEFORE
12. BEHIND
13. BELOW
14. BY
15. DOWN
16. FORWARD
17. IN
18. HOME
19. NEAR
20. OFF
21. ON
22. OUT
23. OVER
24. PAST
25. THROUGH
26. UNDER
27. UP

*

1. ARRIBA
2. POR EL ENTORNO
3. A TRAVÉS DE
4. DELANTE
5. POR
6. POR EL ENTORNO
7. POR EL ENTORNO
8. AL LADO
9. FUERA
10. DE VUELTA
11. ANTES
12. DETRÁS
13. ABAJO
14. POR
15. HACIA ABAJO
16. HACIA ADELANTE
17. ADENTRO
18. RUMBO A CASA
19. CERCA DE
20. N/A
21. SOBRE
22. FUERA
23. POR ENCIMA
24. PASAR A….
25. POR
26. DEBAJO DE
27. HACIA ARRIBA

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

21. Nine Interrogatives

2007-04-08T08:23:00.003-07:00

1. WHOSE
2. WHEN
3. WHY
4. WHO
5. WHERE
6. WHAT
7. HOW
8. HOW MUCH (INCONTABLES)
9. HOW MANY (CONTABLES)

1. DE QUIÉN
2. CUÁNDO
3. POR QUÉ
4. QUIÉN
5. DÓNDE
6. QUÉ
7. CÓMO
8. CUÁNTO/CUÁNTA
9. CUÁNTOS/CUÁNTAS

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

20. Prepositions...Argh!!!

2007-04-08T08:23:00.000-07:00

1. FOR
2. TO
3. TOWARDS
4. UNTIL
5. IN FRONT OF
6. AT THE SIDE OF
7. FROM
8. EXCEPT
9. DURING
10. IN
11. ACCORDING TO
12. INSIDE
13. BETWEEN
14. BEHIND
15. AGAINST
16. OUT OF
17. ABOVE
18. ON
19. AHEAD OF
20. WITH
21. ON TOP OF
22. AFTER
23. BEFORE

1. PARA / POR
2. A
3. HACIA
4. HASTA
5. EN FRENTE DE
6. AL LADO DE
7. DE
8. EXCEPTO
9. DURANTE
10. EN
11. SEGÚN
12. DENTRO
13. ENTRE
14. DETRÁS DE
15. CONTRA
16. FUERA DE
17. ARRIBA
18. EN
19. DELANTE DE
20. CON
21. POR ENCIMA DE
22. DESPUÉS DE
23. ANTES DE

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

19. Modal Verbs

2007-04-08T07:37:00.000-07:00

LOS MATICES DE LOS MODALES

CAN
1. CAPACITY
2. PERMISSION (IN QUESTIONS)

COULD
3. POSSIBILITY
4. PAST CAPACITY
5. HYPOTHESIS (ABOUT FUTURE)

MAY / MIGHT
6. POSSIBILITY
7. PERMISSION (MAY) (IN Q’S)

MUST
8. STRONG OBLIGATION
9. ASSUMPTION (SUPOSICIÓN)

HAVE TO
10. STRONG OBLIGATION

WILL
11. FUTURE
12. PROMISE
13. PROHIBITION (IN NEGATIVE)
14. DESCRIBING PEOPLE’S CHARACTERISTICS IN THE PRESENT

WOULD
15. POLITE REQUESTS (cortesía)
16. REFUSAL IN PAST (IN NEGATIVE)
17. DESCRIBING PEOPLE’S CHARACTERISTICS IN THE PAST
18. HABITUALITY IN THE PAST

SHALL
19. POLITE QUESTIONS IN 1ST PERSONS SING. AND PL.
20. FUTURE SUBSTITUTE
21. PREDICTIONS
22. ORDERS (IN NEGATIVE) ANY SUBJECT

SHOULD
23. MILD OBLIGATION
24. ASSUMPTION (SUPOSICIÓN)

OUGHT TO
25. MILD OBLIGATION
26. ASSUMPTION (SUPOSICIÓN)

USED TO
27. HABITUALITY IN THE PAST

Examples

1. I can walk. Puedo caminar.
2. Can I go now? ¿Puedo ir ahora?

3. It could rain. Podría llover.
4. I could go yesterday. Podía ir ayer.
5. I could go but… Podría ir pero…

6. It might happen. Puede que ocurra.
7. May I eat now? ¿Puedo comer ahora?

8. Debo trabajar. I must study.
9. Debe ser Santa. It must be Santa.

10. I have to leave. Tengo que partir.

11. I will go tomorrow. Iré mañana.
12. I will do it. Lo haré.
13. You will not drink. No beberás.
14. He will eat for two hours. Él comerá durante dos horas.

15. Would you go away. Váyase usted.
16. He wouldn’t help. No quería ayudar.
17. He would always drink whiskey. Siempre bebía whiskey.
18. We would go to the park. Íbamos al parque.

19. Shall we go? ¿Vamos?
Shall I leave now? ¿Voy ahora?
20. We shall go later. Iremos luego.
21. It shall rain. Lloverá.
22. They shall not come! No vendrán!

23. I should laugh. Debería reírme.
24. It should be the postman. Debería ser el cartero.
25. I ought to work. Debería trabajar.
26. Debería ser ellos. It ought to be them.

27. I used to ski in Africa 30,000 years ago. Solía esquiar en Africa hace 30.000 años.

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

18. Mixed Verbs and Time Expressions

2007-04-08T07:33:00.001-07:00

Verbs

To be over
To pick up
Call back
Put through
Cut off
Get through
Give up
Hang up
Hold on
Look up
To Assist
To Attend
To Deserve
To Look up
To Make
To print out

Otras expresiones usadas

How many items are you sending?
Has the shipment arrived?
Always
Generally
Occasionally
Frequently
Sometimes
Often
Usually
Normally
On a regular basis

Regularly
Twice a year
Once a week
Every year
Every two weeks
Every other month
Once in a while
From time to time
Never
Rarely
at the moment
now
just now
right now
today
presently
at present
this morning
for the moment
tonight
tommorow
next week
next month

Algunos verbs regulares

to walk
to study
to realize
to work
to stay late
to participate ( –ar in Sp.[1])
to communicate
to complicate
to facilitate (to make easy)
to explain –¡ojo!– explicar
to develop
to need
to mention
to talk
to file
to look for
to look at
to ask for
to ask
to type
to attend to
to try
to notice
to answer
to greet
to practise

[1] Verbos ingleses que terminan en –ate normalmente terminan en –ar en español (el 75% de las veces.)

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

17. Contractions

2007-04-08T07:32:00.001-07:00

I’m I am
I’ve I have
I’ll I will
I’d I had
I’d I would

You’re you are
You’ve you have
You’ll you will
You’d you had
You’d you would

He’s he is
He’s he has
He’ll he will
He’d he had
He’d he would

She’s she is
She’s she has
She’ll she will
She’d she had
She’d she would

It’s it is
It’s it has
It’d it had
It’d it would

We’re we are
We’ve we have
We’ll we will
We’d we had
We’d we would

They’re they are
They’ve they have
They’ll they will
They’d they had
They’d they would

There’s there is
There’s there has
There’ll there will
There’d there had
There’d there would

Aren’t are not
Can’t cannot
Couldn’t could not
Daren’t dare not
Didn’t did not
Doesn’t does not
Don’t do not
Hadn’t had not
Hasn’t has not
Haven’t have not
Isn’t is not
Mightn’t might not
Mustn’t must not
Needn’t need not
Oughtn’t ought not
Shan’t shall not
Shouldn’t should not
Wasn’t was not
Weren’t were not
Won’t will not
Wouldn’t would not

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

16. How to answer the telephone in English

2007-04-08T07:30:00.000-07:00

The client rings the company.

– Hello, Company name, how can I help you?
– I’d like to talk to the person in charge (the boss or Juan).
– That’s me.
– We have a problem with one of your orders. It’s going to be late. The XX product will not be ready.
– Could you send me an email with all the details?
– Our computers are down at the moment.
– Could you send me a fax confirming which products are out of stock?
– Ok.
– I also want to know if I can arrange a discount. Could you also send me some samples of your new product?
- Ok, but this may take up to ten years because I'm a lazy fat slob.

- ok.

Otras expresiones usadas.

1. Hello, Juan speaking can I help you?
2. Could you hold the line for the moment?
3. Can I have an extension number XX please.
4. What is his/her extension number?
5. Can I leave a message for him/her?
6. It’s a bad line I can’t hear you.
7. Could you give me a ring tommorow?
8. Can I be of any assistance?
9. Would you like to go on hold?

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

15. Exercise Using The Subjects, Objects, Possesives, and Demonstratives.

2007-04-08T07:25:00.000-07:00

Ahora haga usted el siguiente ejercicio usando las tablas de las páginas anteriores para traducir todo lo siguiente al inglés.

1. Éste es su despacho, pertenece a él. Es suyo. No es suyo (de ella), ni suyo (de ellos), es suyo (de él). Dicen que es suyo (de ellos) pero no tienen razón. Él les llama para decirles que es suyo (de él). Hay un despacho aquí y uno allí. Éste de aquí es suyo (de él), ése de allí en Tasmania es suyo (de ellos).

2. Ésta es su factura, pertenece a ella. Es suya. No es tuya, ni vuestra, es suya (de ella). Decís que es vuestra pero no tenéis razón. Ella os llama para deciros que es suya (de ella). Hay una factura aquí y una allí. Ésta de aquí es suya (de ella), ésa de allí en Nepal es vuestra.

3. Yo trabajo en la bodega de ellos, es su bodega. La bodega es suya. Me dan el papaleo y los pedidos y yo los preparo, los embalo, y se los envío a los clientes. Los pedidos son suyos, son sus pedidos. No son de la secretaria, no son suyos (de ella). Hay un pedido aquí en el escritorio y otro al otro lado de la bodega. Primero voy a leerlo éste, y luego, leeré ése. Olvidé preparar algunos pedidos en aquellos días de agosto del año pasado. Recuerdo aquéllos.Él trabaja en el restaurante de su hermano mayor, es su restaurante. El restaurante es suyo. Voy a su restaurante. Sólo me da el entrante y después la cuenta y yo se la pago, le doy las gracias, y él se la da la cuenta a la cajera. La cuenta es mía, es mi cuenta. No es del hermano pequeño que trabaja allí, no es suya. Hay una cuenta aquí en la mesa y otra al otro lado del restaurante. La cajera me cobra ésta y no ésa. Olvidaron darme el plato principal y el postre. Recuerdo aquellos días en aquel restaurante.

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

14. Demonstrative Pronouns

2007-04-08T07:20:00.000-07:00

This one éste/ésta/ésto
That one ésa/ése/éso/aquél
aquéllo/aquélla
these ones éstas/éstos
those ones ésas/ésos/aquéllos/aquéllas

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

13. Demonstrative Adjectives

2007-04-08T07:19:00.000-07:00

This esta/este/esto
That ese/esa/eso/aquel
aquella/aquello
these estos/estas
those esas/esos/aquellos/aquellas

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

12. Possessive Pronouns

2007-04-08T07:18:00.001-07:00

Mine mío/mía/míos/mías
Yours tuyo/tuya/tuyas/tuyos
His suyo/suya/suyos/suyas
Hers suyo/suya/suyos/suyas
Ours nuestro/nuestros/nuestra/nuestras
Yours vuestro/vuestros/vuestra/vuestras
Theirs suyo/suya/suyos/suyas

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

11. Possessive Adjectives

2007-04-08T07:17:00.000-07:00

My mi/mis
Your tu/tus
His su/sus
Her su/sus
Its su/sus
Our nuestro/nuestros/nuestra/nuestras
Your vuestro/vuestros/vuestra/vuestras
Their su/sus

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

10. Indirect Objects

2007-04-08T07:16:00.001-07:00

Prep + me Prep + mí
Prep + you Prep + ti
Prep + him Prep + él
Prep + her Prep + ella
Prep + it Prep + él/ella/ello
Prep + us Prep + nosotros/nosotras
Prep + you Prep + vosotros/vosotras
Prep +them Prep + ellos/ellas

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/

9. Direct Objects

2007-04-08T07:15:00.001-07:00

Me me
You te
Him le
Her la
It lo/la
Us nos
You os
Them les/los/las

Mr Nigel Matthew Boothroyd
Profesor de inglés / Traductor
617 189 196 / 915 428 378
nigelboothroyd@yahoo.com
n.boothroyd@orange.es
http://nigelboothroydprof.blogspot.com/